21 files changed, 277 insertions, 228 deletions

diff --git a/backends/cryptodev-vhost.c b/backends/cryptodev-vhost.c
index bc13e466b4..572f87b3be 100644
--- a/backends/cryptodev-vhost.c
+++ b/backends/cryptodev-vhost.c
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ cryptodev_vhost_start_one(CryptoDevBackendVhost *crypto,
         goto fail_notifiers;
     }
 
-    r = vhost_dev_start(&crypto->dev, dev);
+    r = vhost_dev_start(&crypto->dev, dev, false);
     if (r < 0) {
         goto fail_start;
     }
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ static void
 cryptodev_vhost_stop_one(CryptoDevBackendVhost *crypto,
                                  VirtIODevice *dev)
 {
-    vhost_dev_stop(&crypto->dev, dev);
+    vhost_dev_stop(&crypto->dev, dev, false);
     vhost_dev_disable_notifiers(&crypto->dev, dev);
 }
 
diff --git a/backends/vhost-user.c b/backends/vhost-user.c
index 5dedb2d987..7bfcaef976 100644
--- a/backends/vhost-user.c
+++ b/backends/vhost-user.c
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ vhost_user_backend_start(VhostUserBackend *b)
     }
 
     b->dev.acked_features = b->vdev->guest_features;
-    ret = vhost_dev_start(&b->dev, b->vdev);
+    ret = vhost_dev_start(&b->dev, b->vdev, true);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_report("Error start vhost dev");
         goto err_guest_notifiers;
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ vhost_user_backend_stop(VhostUserBackend *b)
         return;
     }
 
-    vhost_dev_stop(&b->dev, b->vdev);
+    vhost_dev_stop(&b->dev, b->vdev, true);
 
     if (k->set_guest_notifiers) {
         ret = k->set_guest_notifiers(qbus->parent,
diff --git a/hw/block/vhost-user-blk.c b/hw/block/vhost-user-blk.c
index 0d5190accf..aff4d2b8cb 100644
--- a/hw/block/vhost-user-blk.c
+++ b/hw/block/vhost-user-blk.c
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ static int vhost_user_blk_start(VirtIODevice *vdev, Error **errp)
     }
 
     s->dev.vq_index_end = s->dev.nvqs;
-    ret = vhost_dev_start(&s->dev, vdev);
+    ret = vhost_dev_start(&s->dev, vdev, true);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Error starting vhost");
         goto err_guest_notifiers;
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ static void vhost_user_blk_stop(VirtIODevice *vdev)
         return;
     }
 
-    vhost_dev_stop(&s->dev, vdev);
+    vhost_dev_stop(&s->dev, vdev, true);
 
     ret = k->set_guest_notifiers(qbus->parent, s->dev.nvqs, false);
     if (ret < 0) {
@@ -369,17 +369,10 @@ static void vhost_user_blk_disconnect(DeviceState *dev)
     vhost_user_blk_stop(vdev);
 
     vhost_dev_cleanup(&s->dev);
-}
 
-static void vhost_user_blk_chr_closed_bh(void *opaque)
-{
-    DeviceState *dev = opaque;
-    VirtIODevice *vdev = VIRTIO_DEVICE(dev);
-    VHostUserBlk *s = VHOST_USER_BLK(vdev);
-
-    vhost_user_blk_disconnect(dev);
+    /* Re-instate the event handler for new connections */
     qemu_chr_fe_set_handlers(&s->chardev, NULL, NULL, vhost_user_blk_event,
-                             NULL, opaque, NULL, true);
+                             NULL, dev, NULL, true);
 }
 
 static void vhost_user_blk_event(void *opaque, QEMUChrEvent event)
@@ -398,33 +391,9 @@ static void vhost_user_blk_event(void *opaque, QEMUChrEvent event)
         }
         break;
     case CHR_EVENT_CLOSED:
-        if (!runstate_check(RUN_STATE_SHUTDOWN)) {
-            /*
-             * A close event may happen during a read/write, but vhost
-             * code assumes the vhost_dev remains setup, so delay the
-             * stop & clear.
-             */
-            AioContext *ctx = qemu_get_current_aio_context();
-
-            qemu_chr_fe_set_handlers(&s->chardev, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
-                    NULL, NULL, false);
-            aio_bh_schedule_oneshot(ctx, vhost_user_blk_chr_closed_bh, opaque);
-
-            /*
-             * Move vhost device to the stopped state. The vhost-user device
-             * will be clean up and disconnected in BH. This can be useful in
-             * the vhost migration code. If disconnect was caught there is an
-             * option for the general vhost code to get the dev state without
-             * knowing its type (in this case vhost-user).
-             *
-             * FIXME: this is sketchy to be reaching into vhost_dev
-             * now because we are forcing something that implies we
-             * have executed vhost_dev_stop() but that won't happen
-             * until vhost_user_blk_stop() gets called from the bh.
-             * Really this state check should be tracked locally.
-             */
-            s->dev.started = false;
-        }
+        /* defer close until later to avoid circular close */
+        vhost_user_async_close(dev, &s->chardev, &s->dev,
+                               vhost_user_blk_disconnect);
         break;
     case CHR_EVENT_BREAK:
     case CHR_EVENT_MUX_IN:
diff --git a/hw/net/vhost_net.c b/hw/net/vhost_net.c
index 26e4930676..043058ff43 100644
--- a/hw/net/vhost_net.c
+++ b/hw/net/vhost_net.c
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ static int vhost_net_start_one(struct vhost_net *net,
         goto fail_notifiers;
     }
 
-    r = vhost_dev_start(&net->dev, dev);
+    r = vhost_dev_start(&net->dev, dev, false);
     if (r < 0) {
         goto fail_start;
     }
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ fail:
     if (net->nc->info->poll) {
         net->nc->info->poll(net->nc, true);
     }
-    vhost_dev_stop(&net->dev, dev);
+    vhost_dev_stop(&net->dev, dev, false);
 fail_start:
     vhost_dev_disable_notifiers(&net->dev, dev);
 fail_notifiers:
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ static void vhost_net_stop_one(struct vhost_net *net,
     if (net->nc->info->poll) {
         net->nc->info->poll(net->nc, true);
     }
-    vhost_dev_stop(&net->dev, dev);
+    vhost_dev_stop(&net->dev, dev, false);
     if (net->nc->info->stop) {
         net->nc->info->stop(net->nc);
     }
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ err_start:
         assert(r >= 0);
     }
 
-    vhost_dev_stop(&net->dev, vdev);
+    vhost_dev_stop(&net->dev, vdev, false);
 
     return r;
 }
diff --git a/hw/nvme/ctrl.c b/hw/nvme/ctrl.c
index ac3885ce50..e54276dc1d 100644
--- a/hw/nvme/ctrl.c
+++ b/hw/nvme/ctrl.c
@@ -2329,7 +2329,6 @@ typedef struct NvmeDSMAIOCB {
     BlockAIOCB common;
     BlockAIOCB *aiocb;
     NvmeRequest *req;
-    QEMUBH *bh;
     int ret;
 
     NvmeDsmRange *range;
@@ -2351,7 +2350,7 @@ static void nvme_dsm_cancel(BlockAIOCB *aiocb)
     } else {
         /*
          * We only reach this if nvme_dsm_cancel() has already been called or
-         * the command ran to completion and nvme_dsm_bh is scheduled to run.
+         * the command ran to completion.
          */
         assert(iocb->idx == iocb->nr);
     }
@@ -2362,17 +2361,6 @@ static const AIOCBInfo nvme_dsm_aiocb_info = {
     .cancel_async = nvme_dsm_cancel,
 };
 
-static void nvme_dsm_bh(void *opaque)
-{
-    NvmeDSMAIOCB *iocb = opaque;
-
-    iocb->common.cb(iocb->common.opaque, iocb->ret);
-
-    qemu_bh_delete(iocb->bh);
-    iocb->bh = NULL;
-    qemu_aio_unref(iocb);
-}
-
 static void nvme_dsm_cb(void *opaque, int ret);
 
 static void nvme_dsm_md_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
@@ -2384,16 +2372,10 @@ static void nvme_dsm_md_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
     uint64_t slba;
     uint32_t nlb;
 
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        iocb->ret = ret;
+    if (ret < 0 || iocb->ret < 0 || !ns->lbaf.ms) {
         goto done;
     }
 
-    if (!ns->lbaf.ms) {
-        nvme_dsm_cb(iocb, 0);
-        return;
-    }
-
     range = &iocb->range[iocb->idx - 1];
     slba = le64_to_cpu(range->slba);
     nlb = le32_to_cpu(range->nlb);
@@ -2406,7 +2388,6 @@ static void nvme_dsm_md_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
     ret = nvme_block_status_all(ns, slba, nlb, BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO);
     if (ret) {
         if (ret < 0) {
-            iocb->ret = ret;
             goto done;
         }
 
@@ -2420,8 +2401,7 @@ static void nvme_dsm_md_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
     return;
 
 done:
-    iocb->aiocb = NULL;
-    qemu_bh_schedule(iocb->bh);
+    nvme_dsm_cb(iocb, ret);
 }
 
 static void nvme_dsm_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
@@ -2434,7 +2414,9 @@ static void nvme_dsm_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
     uint64_t slba;
     uint32_t nlb;
 
-    if (ret < 0) {
+    if (iocb->ret < 0) {
+        goto done;
+    } else if (ret < 0) {
         iocb->ret = ret;
         goto done;
     }
@@ -2468,7 +2450,8 @@ next:
 
 done:
     iocb->aiocb = NULL;
-    qemu_bh_schedule(iocb->bh);
+    iocb->common.cb(iocb->common.opaque, iocb->ret);
+    qemu_aio_unref(iocb);
 }
 
 static uint16_t nvme_dsm(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
@@ -2486,7 +2469,6 @@ static uint16_t nvme_dsm(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
                                          nvme_misc_cb, req);
 
         iocb->req = req;
-        iocb->bh = qemu_bh_new(nvme_dsm_bh, iocb);
         iocb->ret = 0;
         iocb->range = g_new(NvmeDsmRange, nr);
         iocb->nr = nr;
@@ -2570,7 +2552,6 @@ typedef struct NvmeCopyAIOCB {
     BlockAIOCB common;
     BlockAIOCB *aiocb;
     NvmeRequest *req;
-    QEMUBH *bh;
     int ret;
 
     void *ranges;
@@ -2608,9 +2589,8 @@ static const AIOCBInfo nvme_copy_aiocb_info = {
     .cancel_async = nvme_copy_cancel,
 };
 
-static void nvme_copy_bh(void *opaque)
+static void nvme_copy_done(NvmeCopyAIOCB *iocb)
 {
-    NvmeCopyAIOCB *iocb = opaque;
     NvmeRequest *req = iocb->req;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     BlockAcctStats *stats = blk_get_stats(ns->blkconf.blk);
@@ -2622,9 +2602,6 @@ static void nvme_copy_bh(void *opaque)
     qemu_iovec_destroy(&iocb->iov);
     g_free(iocb->bounce);
 
-    qemu_bh_delete(iocb->bh);
-    iocb->bh = NULL;
-
     if (iocb->ret < 0) {
         block_acct_failed(stats, &iocb->acct.read);
         block_acct_failed(stats, &iocb->acct.write);
@@ -2637,7 +2614,7 @@ static void nvme_copy_bh(void *opaque)
     qemu_aio_unref(iocb);
 }
 
-static void nvme_copy_cb(void *opaque, int ret);
+static void nvme_do_copy(NvmeCopyAIOCB *iocb);
 
 static void nvme_copy_source_range_parse_format0(void *ranges, int idx,
                                                  uint64_t *slba, uint32_t *nlb,
@@ -2749,7 +2726,7 @@ static void nvme_copy_out_completed_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
     iocb->idx++;
     iocb->slba += nlb;
 out:
-    nvme_copy_cb(iocb, iocb->ret);
+    nvme_do_copy(iocb);
 }
 
 static void nvme_copy_out_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
@@ -2761,16 +2738,8 @@ static void nvme_copy_out_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
     size_t mlen;
     uint8_t *mbounce;
 
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        iocb->ret = ret;
+    if (ret < 0 || iocb->ret < 0 || !ns->lbaf.ms) {
         goto out;
-    } else if (iocb->ret < 0) {
-        goto out;
-    }
-
-    if (!ns->lbaf.ms) {
-        nvme_copy_out_completed_cb(iocb, 0);
-        return;
     }
 
     nvme_copy_source_range_parse(iocb->ranges, iocb->idx, iocb->format, NULL,
@@ -2789,7 +2758,7 @@ static void nvme_copy_out_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
     return;
 
 out:
-    nvme_copy_cb(iocb, ret);
+    nvme_copy_out_completed_cb(iocb, ret);
 }
 
 static void nvme_copy_in_completed_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
@@ -2883,15 +2852,9 @@ static void nvme_copy_in_completed_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 
 invalid:
     req->status = status;
-    iocb->aiocb = NULL;
-    if (iocb->bh) {
-        qemu_bh_schedule(iocb->bh);
-    }
-
-    return;
-
+    iocb->ret = -1;
 out:
-    nvme_copy_cb(iocb, ret);
+    nvme_do_copy(iocb);
 }
 
 static void nvme_copy_in_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
@@ -2902,16 +2865,8 @@ static void nvme_copy_in_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
     uint64_t slba;
     uint32_t nlb;
 
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        iocb->ret = ret;
+    if (ret < 0 || iocb->ret < 0 || !ns->lbaf.ms) {
         goto out;
-    } else if (iocb->ret < 0) {
-        goto out;
-    }
-
-    if (!ns->lbaf.ms) {
-        nvme_copy_in_completed_cb(iocb, 0);
-        return;
     }
 
     nvme_copy_source_range_parse(iocb->ranges, iocb->idx, iocb->format, &slba,
@@ -2927,12 +2882,11 @@ static void nvme_copy_in_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
     return;
 
 out:
-    nvme_copy_cb(iocb, iocb->ret);
+    nvme_copy_in_completed_cb(iocb, ret);
 }
 
-static void nvme_copy_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
+static void nvme_do_copy(NvmeCopyAIOCB *iocb)
 {
-    NvmeCopyAIOCB *iocb = opaque;
     NvmeRequest *req = iocb->req;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     uint64_t slba;
@@ -2940,10 +2894,7 @@ static void nvme_copy_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
     size_t len;
     uint16_t status;
 
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        iocb->ret = ret;
-        goto done;
-    } else if (iocb->ret < 0) {
+    if (iocb->ret < 0) {
         goto done;
     }
 
@@ -2990,14 +2941,11 @@ static void nvme_copy_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 
 invalid:
     req->status = status;
+    iocb->ret = -1;
 done:
-    iocb->aiocb = NULL;
-    if (iocb->bh) {
-        qemu_bh_schedule(iocb->bh);
-    }
+    nvme_copy_done(iocb);
 }
 
-
 static uint16_t nvme_copy(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
@@ -3067,7 +3015,6 @@ static uint16_t nvme_copy(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
     }
 
     iocb->req = req;
-    iocb->bh = qemu_bh_new(nvme_copy_bh, iocb);
     iocb->ret = 0;
     iocb->nr = nr;
     iocb->idx = 0;
@@ -3084,7 +3031,7 @@ static uint16_t nvme_copy(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
                      BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);
 
     req->aiocb = &iocb->common;
-    nvme_copy_cb(iocb, 0);
+    nvme_do_copy(iocb);
 
     return NVME_NO_COMPLETE;
 
@@ -3160,7 +3107,6 @@ typedef struct NvmeFlushAIOCB {
     BlockAIOCB common;
     BlockAIOCB *aiocb;
     NvmeRequest *req;
-    QEMUBH *bh;
     int ret;
 
     NvmeNamespace *ns;
@@ -3176,6 +3122,7 @@ static void nvme_flush_cancel(BlockAIOCB *acb)
 
     if (iocb->aiocb) {
         blk_aio_cancel_async(iocb->aiocb);
+        iocb->aiocb = NULL;
     }
 }
 
@@ -3185,6 +3132,8 @@ static const AIOCBInfo nvme_flush_aiocb_info = {
     .get_aio_context = nvme_get_aio_context,
 };
 
+static void nvme_do_flush(NvmeFlushAIOCB *iocb);
+
 static void nvme_flush_ns_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 {
     NvmeFlushAIOCB *iocb = opaque;
@@ -3206,13 +3155,11 @@ static void nvme_flush_ns_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
     }
 
 out:
-    iocb->aiocb = NULL;
-    qemu_bh_schedule(iocb->bh);
+    nvme_do_flush(iocb);
 }
 
-static void nvme_flush_bh(void *opaque)
+static void nvme_do_flush(NvmeFlushAIOCB *iocb)
 {
-    NvmeFlushAIOCB *iocb = opaque;
     NvmeRequest *req = iocb->req;
     NvmeCtrl *n = nvme_ctrl(req);
     int i;
@@ -3239,14 +3186,8 @@ static void nvme_flush_bh(void *opaque)
     return;
 
 done:
-    qemu_bh_delete(iocb->bh);
-    iocb->bh = NULL;
-
     iocb->common.cb(iocb->common.opaque, iocb->ret);
-
     qemu_aio_unref(iocb);
-
-    return;
 }
 
 static uint16_t nvme_flush(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
@@ -3258,7 +3199,6 @@ static uint16_t nvme_flush(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
     iocb = qemu_aio_get(&nvme_flush_aiocb_info, NULL, nvme_misc_cb, req);
 
     iocb->req = req;
-    iocb->bh = qemu_bh_new(nvme_flush_bh, iocb);
     iocb->ret = 0;
     iocb->ns = NULL;
     iocb->nsid = 0;
@@ -3280,13 +3220,11 @@ static uint16_t nvme_flush(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
     }
 
     req->aiocb = &iocb->common;
-    qemu_bh_schedule(iocb->bh);
+    nvme_do_flush(iocb);
 
     return NVME_NO_COMPLETE;
 
 out:
-    qemu_bh_delete(iocb->bh);
-    iocb->bh = NULL;
     qemu_aio_unref(iocb);
 
     return status;
@@ -3721,7 +3659,6 @@ typedef struct NvmeZoneResetAIOCB {
     BlockAIOCB common;
     BlockAIOCB *aiocb;
     NvmeRequest *req;
-    QEMUBH *bh;
     int ret;
 
     bool all;
@@ -3750,17 +3687,6 @@ static const AIOCBInfo nvme_zone_reset_aiocb_info = {
     .cancel_async = nvme_zone_reset_cancel,
 };
 
-static void nvme_zone_reset_bh(void *opaque)
-{
-    NvmeZoneResetAIOCB *iocb = opaque;
-
-    iocb->common.cb(iocb->common.opaque, iocb->ret);
-
-    qemu_bh_delete(iocb->bh);
-    iocb->bh = NULL;
-    qemu_aio_unref(iocb);
-}
-
 static void nvme_zone_reset_cb(void *opaque, int ret);
 
 static void nvme_zone_reset_epilogue_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
@@ -3771,14 +3697,8 @@ static void nvme_zone_reset_epilogue_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
     int64_t moff;
     int count;
 
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        nvme_zone_reset_cb(iocb, ret);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (!ns->lbaf.ms) {
-        nvme_zone_reset_cb(iocb, 0);
-        return;
+    if (ret < 0 || iocb->ret < 0 || !ns->lbaf.ms) {
+        goto out;
     }
 
     moff = nvme_moff(ns, iocb->zone->d.zslba);
@@ -3788,6 +3708,9 @@ static void nvme_zone_reset_epilogue_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
                                         BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP,
                                         nvme_zone_reset_cb, iocb);
     return;
+
+out:
+    nvme_zone_reset_cb(iocb, ret);
 }
 
 static void nvme_zone_reset_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
@@ -3796,7 +3719,9 @@ static void nvme_zone_reset_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
     NvmeRequest *req = iocb->req;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
 
-    if (ret < 0) {
+    if (iocb->ret < 0) {
+        goto done;
+    } else if (ret < 0) {
         iocb->ret = ret;
         goto done;
     }
@@ -3844,9 +3769,9 @@ static void nvme_zone_reset_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 
 done:
     iocb->aiocb = NULL;
-    if (iocb->bh) {
-        qemu_bh_schedule(iocb->bh);
-    }
+
+    iocb->common.cb(iocb->common.opaque, iocb->ret);
+    qemu_aio_unref(iocb);
 }
 
 static uint16_t nvme_zone_mgmt_send_zrwa_flush(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeZone *zone,
@@ -3951,7 +3876,6 @@ static uint16_t nvme_zone_mgmt_send(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
                            nvme_misc_cb, req);
 
         iocb->req = req;
-        iocb->bh = qemu_bh_new(nvme_zone_reset_bh, iocb);
         iocb->ret = 0;
         iocb->all = all;
         iocb->idx = zone_idx;
@@ -5741,7 +5665,6 @@ static uint16_t nvme_ns_attachment(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 typedef struct NvmeFormatAIOCB {
     BlockAIOCB common;
     BlockAIOCB *aiocb;
-    QEMUBH *bh;
     NvmeRequest *req;
     int ret;
 
@@ -5756,14 +5679,15 @@ typedef struct NvmeFormatAIOCB {
     uint8_t pil;
 } NvmeFormatAIOCB;
 
-static void nvme_format_bh(void *opaque);
-
 static void nvme_format_cancel(BlockAIOCB *aiocb)
 {
     NvmeFormatAIOCB *iocb = container_of(aiocb, NvmeFormatAIOCB, common);
 
+    iocb->ret = -ECANCELED;
+
     if (iocb->aiocb) {
         blk_aio_cancel_async(iocb->aiocb);
+        iocb->aiocb = NULL;
     }
 }
 
@@ -5787,13 +5711,17 @@ static void nvme_format_set(NvmeNamespace *ns, uint8_t lbaf, uint8_t mset,
     nvme_ns_init_format(ns);
 }
 
+static void nvme_do_format(NvmeFormatAIOCB *iocb);
+
 static void nvme_format_ns_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 {
     NvmeFormatAIOCB *iocb = opaque;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = iocb->ns;
     int bytes;
 
-    if (ret < 0) {
+    if (iocb->ret < 0) {
+        goto done;
+    } else if (ret < 0) {
         iocb->ret = ret;
         goto done;
     }
@@ -5817,8 +5745,7 @@ static void nvme_format_ns_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
     iocb->offset = 0;
 
 done:
-    iocb->aiocb = NULL;
-    qemu_bh_schedule(iocb->bh);
+    nvme_do_format(iocb);
 }
 
 static uint16_t nvme_format_check(NvmeNamespace *ns, uint8_t lbaf, uint8_t pi)
@@ -5842,9 +5769,8 @@ static uint16_t nvme_format_check(NvmeNamespace *ns, uint8_t lbaf, uint8_t pi)
     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static void nvme_format_bh(void *opaque)
+static void nvme_do_format(NvmeFormatAIOCB *iocb)
 {
-    NvmeFormatAIOCB *iocb = opaque;
     NvmeRequest *req = iocb->req;
     NvmeCtrl *n = nvme_ctrl(req);
     uint32_t dw10 = le32_to_cpu(req->cmd.cdw10);
@@ -5882,11 +5808,7 @@ static void nvme_format_bh(void *opaque)
     return;
 
 done:
-    qemu_bh_delete(iocb->bh);
-    iocb->bh = NULL;
-
     iocb->common.cb(iocb->common.opaque, iocb->ret);
-
     qemu_aio_unref(iocb);
 }
 
@@ -5905,7 +5827,6 @@ static uint16_t nvme_format(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
     iocb = qemu_aio_get(&nvme_format_aiocb_info, NULL, nvme_misc_cb, req);
 
     iocb->req = req;
-    iocb->bh = qemu_bh_new(nvme_format_bh, iocb);
     iocb->ret = 0;
     iocb->ns = NULL;
     iocb->nsid = 0;
@@ -5934,14 +5855,13 @@ static uint16_t nvme_format(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
     }
 
     req->aiocb = &iocb->common;
-    qemu_bh_schedule(iocb->bh);
+    nvme_do_format(iocb);
 
     return NVME_NO_COMPLETE;
 
 out:
-    qemu_bh_delete(iocb->bh);
-    iocb->bh = NULL;
     qemu_aio_unref(iocb);
+
     return status;
 }
 
diff --git a/hw/scsi/vhost-scsi-common.c b/hw/scsi/vhost-scsi-common.c
index 767f827e55..18ea5dcfa1 100644
--- a/hw/scsi/vhost-scsi-common.c
+++ b/hw/scsi/vhost-scsi-common.c
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ int vhost_scsi_common_start(VHostSCSICommon *vsc)
         goto err_guest_notifiers;
     }
 
-    ret = vhost_dev_start(&vsc->dev, vdev);
+    ret = vhost_dev_start(&vsc->dev, vdev, true);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_report("Error start vhost dev");
         goto err_guest_notifiers;
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ void vhost_scsi_common_stop(VHostSCSICommon *vsc)
     VirtioBusClass *k = VIRTIO_BUS_GET_CLASS(qbus);
     int ret = 0;
 
-    vhost_dev_stop(&vsc->dev, vdev);
+    vhost_dev_stop(&vsc->dev, vdev, true);
 
     if (k->set_guest_notifiers) {
         ret = k->set_guest_notifiers(qbus->parent, vsc->dev.nvqs, false);
diff --git a/hw/virtio/trace-events b/hw/virtio/trace-events
index 820dadc26c..14fc5b9bb2 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/trace-events
+++ b/hw/virtio/trace-events
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ vhost_section(const char *name) "%s"
 vhost_reject_section(const char *name, int d) "%s:%d"
 vhost_iotlb_miss(void *dev, int step) "%p step %d"
 vhost_dev_cleanup(void *dev) "%p"
-vhost_dev_start(void *dev, const char *name) "%p:%s"
-vhost_dev_stop(void *dev, const char *name) "%p:%s"
+vhost_dev_start(void *dev, const char *name, bool vrings) "%p:%s vrings:%d"
+vhost_dev_stop(void *dev, const char *name, bool vrings) "%p:%s vrings:%d"
 
 
 # vhost-user.c
diff --git a/hw/virtio/vhost-user-fs.c b/hw/virtio/vhost-user-fs.c
index dc4014cdef..d97b179e6f 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/vhost-user-fs.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/vhost-user-fs.c
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ static void vuf_start(VirtIODevice *vdev)
     }
 
     fs->vhost_dev.acked_features = vdev->guest_features;
-    ret = vhost_dev_start(&fs->vhost_dev, vdev);
+    ret = vhost_dev_start(&fs->vhost_dev, vdev, true);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_report("Error starting vhost: %d", -ret);
         goto err_guest_notifiers;
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ static void vuf_stop(VirtIODevice *vdev)
         return;
     }
 
-    vhost_dev_stop(&fs->vhost_dev, vdev);
+    vhost_dev_stop(&fs->vhost_dev, vdev, true);
 
     ret = k->set_guest_notifiers(qbus->parent, fs->vhost_dev.nvqs, false);
     if (ret < 0) {
diff --git a/hw/virtio/vhost-user-gpio.c b/hw/virtio/vhost-user-gpio.c
index 5851cb3bc9..b7b82a1099 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/vhost-user-gpio.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/vhost-user-gpio.c
@@ -81,11 +81,12 @@ static int vu_gpio_start(VirtIODevice *vdev)
      */
     vhost_ack_features(&gpio->vhost_dev, feature_bits, vdev->guest_features);
 
-    ret = vhost_dev_start(&gpio->vhost_dev, vdev);
+    ret = vhost_dev_start(&gpio->vhost_dev, vdev, false);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_report("Error starting vhost-user-gpio: %d", ret);
         goto err_guest_notifiers;
     }
+    gpio->started_vu = true;
 
     /*
      * guest_notifier_mask/pending not used yet, so just unmask
@@ -126,20 +127,16 @@ static void vu_gpio_stop(VirtIODevice *vdev)
     struct vhost_dev *vhost_dev = &gpio->vhost_dev;
     int ret;
 
-    if (!k->set_guest_notifiers) {
+    if (!gpio->started_vu) {
         return;
     }
+    gpio->started_vu = false;
 
-    /*
-     * We can call vu_gpio_stop multiple times, for example from
-     * vm_state_notify and the final object finalisation. Check we
-     * aren't already stopped before doing so.
-     */
-    if (!vhost_dev_is_started(vhost_dev)) {
+    if (!k->set_guest_notifiers) {
         return;
     }
 
-    vhost_dev_stop(vhost_dev, vdev);
+    vhost_dev_stop(vhost_dev, vdev, false);
 
     ret = k->set_guest_notifiers(qbus->parent, vhost_dev->nvqs, false);
     if (ret < 0) {
@@ -236,6 +233,8 @@ static int vu_gpio_connect(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
     return 0;
 }
 
+static void vu_gpio_event(void *opaque, QEMUChrEvent event);
+
 static void vu_gpio_disconnect(DeviceState *dev)
 {
     VirtIODevice *vdev = VIRTIO_DEVICE(dev);
@@ -248,6 +247,11 @@ static void vu_gpio_disconnect(DeviceState *dev)
 
     vu_gpio_stop(vdev);
     vhost_dev_cleanup(&gpio->vhost_dev);
+
+    /* Re-instate the event handler for new connections */
+    qemu_chr_fe_set_handlers(&gpio->chardev,
+                             NULL, NULL, vu_gpio_event,
+                             NULL, dev, NULL, true);
 }
 
 static void vu_gpio_event(void *opaque, QEMUChrEvent event)
@@ -265,7 +269,9 @@ static void vu_gpio_event(void *opaque, QEMUChrEvent event)
         }
         break;
     case CHR_EVENT_CLOSED:
-        vu_gpio_disconnect(dev);
+        /* defer close until later to avoid circular close */
+        vhost_user_async_close(dev, &gpio->chardev, &gpio->vhost_dev,
+                               vu_gpio_disconnect);
         break;
     case CHR_EVENT_BREAK:
     case CHR_EVENT_MUX_IN:
diff --git a/hw/virtio/vhost-user-i2c.c b/hw/virtio/vhost-user-i2c.c
index 1c9f3d20dc..dc5c828ba6 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/vhost-user-i2c.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/vhost-user-i2c.c
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ static void vu_i2c_start(VirtIODevice *vdev)
 
     i2c->vhost_dev.acked_features = vdev->guest_features;
 
-    ret = vhost_dev_start(&i2c->vhost_dev, vdev);
+    ret = vhost_dev_start(&i2c->vhost_dev, vdev, true);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_report("Error starting vhost-user-i2c: %d", -ret);
         goto err_guest_notifiers;
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ static void vu_i2c_stop(VirtIODevice *vdev)
         return;
     }
 
-    vhost_dev_stop(&i2c->vhost_dev, vdev);
+    vhost_dev_stop(&i2c->vhost_dev, vdev, true);
 
     ret = k->set_guest_notifiers(qbus->parent, i2c->vhost_dev.nvqs, false);
     if (ret < 0) {
diff --git a/hw/virtio/vhost-user-rng.c b/hw/virtio/vhost-user-rng.c
index f9084cde58..201a39e220 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/vhost-user-rng.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/vhost-user-rng.c
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ static void vu_rng_start(VirtIODevice *vdev)
     }
 
     rng->vhost_dev.acked_features = vdev->guest_features;
-    ret = vhost_dev_start(&rng->vhost_dev, vdev);
+    ret = vhost_dev_start(&rng->vhost_dev, vdev, true);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_report("Error starting vhost-user-rng: %d", -ret);
         goto err_guest_notifiers;
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ static void vu_rng_stop(VirtIODevice *vdev)
         return;
     }
 
-    vhost_dev_stop(&rng->vhost_dev, vdev);
+    vhost_dev_stop(&rng->vhost_dev, vdev, true);
 
     ret = k->set_guest_notifiers(qbus->parent, rng->vhost_dev.nvqs, false);
     if (ret < 0) {
diff --git a/hw/virtio/vhost-user.c b/hw/virtio/vhost-user.c
index abe23d4ebe..8f635844af 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/vhost-user.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/vhost-user.c
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
 #include "qemu/main-loop.h"
 #include "qemu/sockets.h"
+#include "sysemu/runstate.h"
 #include "sysemu/cryptodev.h"
 #include "migration/migration.h"
 #include "migration/postcopy-ram.h"
@@ -2670,6 +2671,76 @@ void vhost_user_cleanup(VhostUserState *user)
     user->chr = NULL;
 }
 
+
+typedef struct {
+    vu_async_close_fn cb;
+    DeviceState *dev;
+    CharBackend *cd;
+    struct vhost_dev *vhost;
+} VhostAsyncCallback;
+
+static void vhost_user_async_close_bh(void *opaque)
+{
+    VhostAsyncCallback *data = opaque;
+    struct vhost_dev *vhost = data->vhost;
+
+    /*
+     * If the vhost_dev has been cleared in the meantime there is
+     * nothing left to do as some other path has completed the
+     * cleanup.
+     */
+    if (vhost->vdev) {
+        data->cb(data->dev);
+    }
+
+    g_free(data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * We only schedule the work if the machine is running. If suspended
+ * we want to keep all the in-flight data as is for migration
+ * purposes.
+ */
+void vhost_user_async_close(DeviceState *d,
+                            CharBackend *chardev, struct vhost_dev *vhost,
+                            vu_async_close_fn cb)
+{
+    if (!runstate_check(RUN_STATE_SHUTDOWN)) {
+        /*
+         * A close event may happen during a read/write, but vhost
+         * code assumes the vhost_dev remains setup, so delay the
+         * stop & clear.
+         */
+        AioContext *ctx = qemu_get_current_aio_context();
+        VhostAsyncCallback *data = g_new0(VhostAsyncCallback, 1);
+
+        /* Save data for the callback */
+        data->cb = cb;
+        data->dev = d;
+        data->cd = chardev;
+        data->vhost = vhost;
+
+        /* Disable any further notifications on the chardev */
+        qemu_chr_fe_set_handlers(chardev,
+                                 NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
+                                 false);
+
+        aio_bh_schedule_oneshot(ctx, vhost_user_async_close_bh, data);
+
+        /*
+         * Move vhost device to the stopped state. The vhost-user device
+         * will be clean up and disconnected in BH. This can be useful in
+         * the vhost migration code. If disconnect was caught there is an
+         * option for the general vhost code to get the dev state without
+         * knowing its type (in this case vhost-user).
+         *
+         * Note if the vhost device is fully cleared by the time we
+         * execute the bottom half we won't continue with the cleanup.
+         */
+        vhost->started = false;
+    }
+}
+
 static int vhost_user_dev_start(struct vhost_dev *dev, bool started)
 {
     if (!virtio_has_feature(dev->protocol_features,
diff --git a/hw/virtio/vhost-vsock-common.c b/hw/virtio/vhost-vsock-common.c
index a67a275de2..d21c72b401 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/vhost-vsock-common.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/vhost-vsock-common.c
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ int vhost_vsock_common_start(VirtIODevice *vdev)
     }
 
     vvc->vhost_dev.acked_features = vdev->guest_features;
-    ret = vhost_dev_start(&vvc->vhost_dev, vdev);
+    ret = vhost_dev_start(&vvc->vhost_dev, vdev, true);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_report("Error starting vhost: %d", -ret);
         goto err_guest_notifiers;
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ void vhost_vsock_common_stop(VirtIODevice *vdev)
         return;
     }
 
-    vhost_dev_stop(&vvc->vhost_dev, vdev);
+    vhost_dev_stop(&vvc->vhost_dev, vdev, true);
 
     ret = k->set_guest_notifiers(qbus->parent, vvc->vhost_dev.nvqs, false);
     if (ret < 0) {
diff --git a/hw/virtio/vhost.c b/hw/virtio/vhost.c
index d1c4c20b8c..7fb008bc9e 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/vhost.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/vhost.c
@@ -1777,15 +1777,36 @@ int vhost_dev_get_inflight(struct vhost_dev *dev, uint16_t queue_size,
     return 0;
 }
 
+static int vhost_dev_set_vring_enable(struct vhost_dev *hdev, int enable)
+{
+    if (!hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_set_vring_enable) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * For vhost-user devices, if VHOST_USER_F_PROTOCOL_FEATURES has not
+     * been negotiated, the rings start directly in the enabled state, and
+     * .vhost_set_vring_enable callback will fail since
+     * VHOST_USER_SET_VRING_ENABLE is not supported.
+     */
+    if (hdev->vhost_ops->backend_type == VHOST_BACKEND_TYPE_USER &&
+        !virtio_has_feature(hdev->backend_features,
+                            VHOST_USER_F_PROTOCOL_FEATURES)) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    return hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_set_vring_enable(hdev, enable);
+}
+
 /* Host notifiers must be enabled at this point. */
-int vhost_dev_start(struct vhost_dev *hdev, VirtIODevice *vdev)
+int vhost_dev_start(struct vhost_dev *hdev, VirtIODevice *vdev, bool vrings)
 {
     int i, r;
 
     /* should only be called after backend is connected */
     assert(hdev->vhost_ops);
 
-    trace_vhost_dev_start(hdev, vdev->name);
+    trace_vhost_dev_start(hdev, vdev->name, vrings);
 
     vdev->vhost_started = true;
     hdev->started = true;
@@ -1830,10 +1851,16 @@ int vhost_dev_start(struct vhost_dev *hdev, VirtIODevice *vdev)
             goto fail_log;
         }
     }
+    if (vrings) {
+        r = vhost_dev_set_vring_enable(hdev, true);
+        if (r) {
+            goto fail_log;
+        }
+    }
     if (hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_dev_start) {
         r = hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_dev_start(hdev, true);
         if (r) {
-            goto fail_log;
+            goto fail_start;
         }
     }
     if (vhost_dev_has_iommu(hdev) &&
@@ -1848,6 +1875,10 @@ int vhost_dev_start(struct vhost_dev *hdev, VirtIODevice *vdev)
         }
     }
     return 0;
+fail_start:
+    if (vrings) {
+        vhost_dev_set_vring_enable(hdev, false);
+    }
 fail_log:
     vhost_log_put(hdev, false);
 fail_vq:
@@ -1866,18 +1897,21 @@ fail_features:
 }
 
 /* Host notifiers must be enabled at this point. */
-void vhost_dev_stop(struct vhost_dev *hdev, VirtIODevice *vdev)
+void vhost_dev_stop(struct vhost_dev *hdev, VirtIODevice *vdev, bool vrings)
 {
     int i;
 
     /* should only be called after backend is connected */
     assert(hdev->vhost_ops);
 
-    trace_vhost_dev_stop(hdev, vdev->name);
+    trace_vhost_dev_stop(hdev, vdev->name, vrings);
 
     if (hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_dev_start) {
         hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_dev_start(hdev, false);
     }
+    if (vrings) {
+        vhost_dev_set_vring_enable(hdev, false);
+    }
     for (i = 0; i < hdev->nvqs; ++i) {
         vhost_virtqueue_stop(hdev,
                              vdev,
diff --git a/include/hw/virtio/vhost-user-gpio.h b/include/hw/virtio/vhost-user-gpio.h
index 4fe9aeecc0..a9305c5e6c 100644
--- a/include/hw/virtio/vhost-user-gpio.h
+++ b/include/hw/virtio/vhost-user-gpio.h
@@ -28,7 +28,17 @@ struct VHostUserGPIO {
     VhostUserState vhost_user;
     VirtQueue *command_vq;
     VirtQueue *interrupt_vq;
+    /**
+     * There are at least two steps of initialization of the
+     * vhost-user device. The first is a "connect" step and
+     * second is a "start" step. Make a separation between
+     * those initialization phases by using two fields.
+     *
+     * @connected: see vu_gpio_connect()/vu_gpio_disconnect()
+     * @started_vu: see vu_gpio_start()/vu_gpio_stop()
+     */
     bool connected;
+    bool started_vu;
     /*< public >*/
 };
 
diff --git a/include/hw/virtio/vhost-user.h b/include/hw/virtio/vhost-user.h
index c6e693cd3f..191216a74f 100644
--- a/include/hw/virtio/vhost-user.h
+++ b/include/hw/virtio/vhost-user.h
@@ -68,4 +68,22 @@ bool vhost_user_init(VhostUserState *user, CharBackend *chr, Error **errp);
  */
 void vhost_user_cleanup(VhostUserState *user);
 
+/**
+ * vhost_user_async_close() - cleanup vhost-user post connection drop
+ * @d: DeviceState for the associated device (passed to callback)
+ * @chardev: the CharBackend associated with the connection
+ * @vhost: the common vhost device
+ * @cb: the user callback function to complete the clean-up
+ *
+ * This function is used to handle the shutdown of a vhost-user
+ * connection to a backend. We handle this centrally to make sure we
+ * do all the steps and handle potential races due to VM shutdowns.
+ * Once the connection is disabled we call a backhalf to ensure
+ */
+typedef void (*vu_async_close_fn)(DeviceState *cb);
+
+void vhost_user_async_close(DeviceState *d,
+                            CharBackend *chardev, struct vhost_dev *vhost,
+                            vu_async_close_fn cb);
+
 #endif
diff --git a/include/hw/virtio/vhost.h b/include/hw/virtio/vhost.h
index 353252ac3e..67a6807fac 100644
--- a/include/hw/virtio/vhost.h
+++ b/include/hw/virtio/vhost.h
@@ -184,24 +184,26 @@ static inline bool vhost_dev_is_started(struct vhost_dev *hdev)
  * vhost_dev_start() - start the vhost device
  * @hdev: common vhost_dev structure
  * @vdev: the VirtIODevice structure
+ * @vrings: true to have vrings enabled in this call
  *
  * Starts the vhost device. From this point VirtIO feature negotiation
  * can start and the device can start processing VirtIO transactions.
  *
  * Return: 0 on success, < 0 on error.
  */
-int vhost_dev_start(struct vhost_dev *hdev, VirtIODevice *vdev);
+int vhost_dev_start(struct vhost_dev *hdev, VirtIODevice *vdev, bool vrings);
 
 /**
  * vhost_dev_stop() - stop the vhost device
  * @hdev: common vhost_dev structure
  * @vdev: the VirtIODevice structure
+ * @vrings: true to have vrings disabled in this call
  *
  * Stop the vhost device. After the device is stopped the notifiers
  * can be disabled (@vhost_dev_disable_notifiers) and the device can
  * be torn down (@vhost_dev_cleanup).
  */
-void vhost_dev_stop(struct vhost_dev *hdev, VirtIODevice *vdev);
+void vhost_dev_stop(struct vhost_dev *hdev, VirtIODevice *vdev, bool vrings);
 
 /**
  * DOC: vhost device configuration handling
diff --git a/include/hw/virtio/virtio.h b/include/hw/virtio/virtio.h
index a973811cbf..acfd4df125 100644
--- a/include/hw/virtio/virtio.h
+++ b/include/hw/virtio/virtio.h
@@ -116,6 +116,13 @@ struct VirtIODevice
     bool broken; /* device in invalid state, needs reset */
     bool use_disabled_flag; /* allow use of 'disable' flag when needed */
     bool disabled; /* device in temporarily disabled state */
+    /**
+     * @use_started: true if the @started flag should be used to check the
+     * current state of the VirtIO device. Otherwise status bits
+     * should be checked for a current status of the device.
+     * @use_started is only set via QMP and defaults to true for all
+     * modern machines (since 4.1).
+     */
     bool use_started;
     bool started;
     bool start_on_kick; /* when virtio 1.0 feature has not been negotiated */
@@ -391,6 +398,16 @@ static inline bool virtio_is_big_endian(VirtIODevice *vdev)
     return false;
 }
 
+/**
+ * virtio_device_started() - check if device started
+ * @vdev - the VirtIO device
+ * @status - the devices status bits
+ *
+ * Check if the device is started. For most modern machines this is
+ * tracked via the @vdev->started field (to support migration),
+ * otherwise we check for the final negotiated status bit that
+ * indicates everything is ready.
+ */
 static inline bool virtio_device_started(VirtIODevice *vdev, uint8_t status)
 {
     if (vdev->use_started) {
@@ -411,15 +428,11 @@ static inline bool virtio_device_started(VirtIODevice *vdev, uint8_t status)
  */
 static inline bool virtio_device_should_start(VirtIODevice *vdev, uint8_t status)
 {
-    if (vdev->use_started) {
-        return vdev->started;
-    }
-
     if (!vdev->vm_running) {
         return false;
     }
 
-    return status & VIRTIO_CONFIG_S_DRIVER_OK;
+    return virtio_device_started(vdev, status);
 }
 
 static inline void virtio_set_started(VirtIODevice *vdev, bool started)
diff --git a/target/i386/tcg/decode-new.c.inc b/target/i386/tcg/decode-new.c.inc
index e4878b967f..80c579164f 100644
--- a/target/i386/tcg/decode-new.c.inc
+++ b/target/i386/tcg/decode-new.c.inc
@@ -1488,7 +1488,8 @@ static bool validate_vex(DisasContext *s, X86DecodedInsn *decode)
             if (!(s->flags & HF_AVX_EN_MASK)) {
                 goto illegal;
             }
-        } else {
+        } else if (e->special != X86_SPECIAL_MMX ||
+                   (s->prefix & (PREFIX_REPZ | PREFIX_REPNZ | PREFIX_DATA))) {
             if (!(s->flags & HF_OSFXSR_MASK)) {
                 goto illegal;
             }
diff --git a/target/i386/tcg/sysemu/excp_helper.c b/target/i386/tcg/sysemu/excp_helper.c
index 405a5d414a..55bd1194d3 100644
--- a/target/i386/tcg/sysemu/excp_helper.c
+++ b/target/i386/tcg/sysemu/excp_helper.c
@@ -71,10 +71,11 @@ static bool ptw_translate(PTETranslate *inout, hwaddr addr)
         TranslateFault *err = inout->err;
 
         assert(inout->ptw_idx == MMU_NESTED_IDX);
-        err->exception_index = 0; /* unused */
-        err->error_code = inout->env->error_code;
-        err->cr2 = addr;
-        err->stage2 = S2_GPT;
+        *err = (TranslateFault){
+            .error_code = inout->env->error_code,
+            .cr2 = addr,
+            .stage2 = S2_GPT,
+        };
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -431,10 +432,11 @@ do_check_protect_pse36:
                                   MMU_NESTED_IDX, true,
                                   &pte_trans.haddr, &full, 0);
         if (unlikely(flags & TLB_INVALID_MASK)) {
-            err->exception_index = 0; /* unused */
-            err->error_code = env->error_code;
-            err->cr2 = paddr;
-            err->stage2 = S2_GPA;
+            *err = (TranslateFault){
+                .error_code = env->error_code,
+                .cr2 = paddr,
+                .stage2 = S2_GPA,
+            };
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -494,10 +496,11 @@ do_check_protect_pse36:
         }
         break;
     }
-    err->exception_index = EXCP0E_PAGE;
-    err->error_code = error_code;
-    err->cr2 = addr;
-    err->stage2 = S2_NONE;
+    *err = (TranslateFault){
+        .exception_index = EXCP0E_PAGE,
+        .error_code = error_code,
+        .cr2 = addr,
+    };
     return false;
 }
 
@@ -564,9 +567,10 @@ static bool get_physical_address(CPUX86State *env, vaddr addr,
                 int shift = in.pg_mode & PG_MODE_LA57 ? 56 : 47;
                 int64_t sext = (int64_t)addr >> shift;
                 if (sext != 0 && sext != -1) {
-                    err->exception_index = EXCP0D_GPF;
-                    err->error_code = 0;
-                    err->cr2 = addr;
+                    *err = (TranslateFault){
+                        .exception_index = EXCP0D_GPF,
+                        .cr2 = addr,
+                    };
                     return false;
                 }
             }
diff --git a/tests/qtest/libqos/virtio-gpio.c b/tests/qtest/libqos/virtio-gpio.c
index 762aa6695b..f22d7b5eb5 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/libqos/virtio-gpio.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/libqos/virtio-gpio.c
@@ -154,7 +154,8 @@ static void virtio_gpio_register_nodes(void)
     QOSGraphEdgeOptions edge_opts = { };
 
     /* vhost-user-gpio-device */
-    edge_opts.extra_device_opts = "id=gpio0,chardev=chr-vhost-user-test";
+    edge_opts.extra_device_opts = "id=gpio0,chardev=chr-vhost-user-test "
+        "-global virtio-mmio.force-legacy=false";
     qos_node_create_driver("vhost-user-gpio-device",
                             virtio_gpio_device_create);
     qos_node_consumes("vhost-user-gpio-device", "virtio-bus", &edge_opts);