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* Merge tag 'f2fs-for-3.8-rc5' of ↵Linus Torvalds2013-01-2215-140/+198
|\ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jaegeuk/f2fs Pull f2fs fixes from Jaegeuk Kim: o Support swap file and link generic_file_remap_pages o Enhance the bio streaming flow and free section control o Major bug fix on recovery routine o Minor bug/warning fixes and code cleanups * tag 'f2fs-for-3.8-rc5' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jaegeuk/f2fs: (22 commits) f2fs: use _safe() version of list_for_each f2fs: add comments of start_bidx_of_node f2fs: avoid issuing small bios due to several dirty node pages f2fs: support swapfile f2fs: add remap_pages as generic_file_remap_pages f2fs: add __init to functions in init_f2fs_fs f2fs: fix the debugfs entry creation path f2fs: add global mutex_lock to protect f2fs_stat_list f2fs: remove the blk_plug usage in f2fs_write_data_pages f2fs: avoid redundant time update for parent directory in f2fs_delete_entry f2fs: remove redundant call to set_blocksize in f2fs_fill_super f2fs: move f2fs_balance_fs to punch_hole f2fs: add f2fs_balance_fs in several interfaces f2fs: revisit the f2fs_gc flow f2fs: check return value during recovery f2fs: avoid null dereference in f2fs_acl_from_disk f2fs: initialize newly allocated dnode structure f2fs: update f2fs partition info about SIT/NAT layout f2fs: update f2fs document to reflect SIT/NAT layout correctly f2fs: remove unneeded INIT_LIST_HEAD at few places ...
| * f2fs: use _safe() version of list_for_eachDan Carpenter2013-01-221-4/+3Star
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This is calling list_del() inside a loop which is a problem when we try move to the next item on the list. I've converted it to use the _safe version. And also, as a cleanup, I've converted it to use list_for_each_entry instead of list_for_each. Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com> Reviewed-by: Dmitry Torokhov <dmitry.torokhov@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: add comments of start_bidx_of_nodeJaegeuk Kim2013-01-221-1/+5
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The caller of start_bidx_of_node() should give proper node offsets which point only direct node blocks. Otherwise, it is a caller's bug. This patch adds comments to make it clear. Reported-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: avoid issuing small bios due to several dirty node pagesJaegeuk Kim2013-01-221-6/+11
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | If some small bios of dirty node pages are supposed to be issued during the sequential data writes, there-in well-produced consecutive data bios are able to be split by the small node bios, resulting in performance degradation. So, let's collect a number of dirty node pages until reaching a threshold. And, by default, I set the threshold as 2MB, a segment size. This improves sequential write performance on i5, 512GB SSD (830 w/ SATA2) as follows. Before: 231 MB/s -> After: 255 MB/s Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com> Reviewed-by: Namjae Jeon <namjae.jeon@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: support swapfileJaegeuk Kim2013-01-221-0/+6
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | This patch adds f2fs_bmap operation to the data address space. This enables f2fs to support swapfile. Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: add remap_pages as generic_file_remap_pagesJaegeuk Kim2013-01-221-2/+3
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This was added for all the file systems before. See the following commit. commit id: 0b173bc4daa8f8ec03a85abf5e47b23502ff80af [PATCH] mm: kill vma flag VM_CAN_NONLINEAR This patch moves actual ptes filling for non-linear file mappings into special vma operation: ->remap_pages(). File system must implement this method to get non-linear mappings support, if it uses filemap_fault() then generic_file_remap_pages() can be used. Now device drivers can implement this method and obtain nonlinear vma support." Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: add __init to functions in init_f2fs_fsNamjae Jeon2013-01-225-9/+9
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Add __init to functions in init_f2fs_fs for code consistency. Signed-off-by: Namjae Jeon <namjae.jeon@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Amit Sahrawat <a.sahrawat@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: fix the debugfs entry creation pathNamjae Jeon2013-01-153-21/+19Star
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | As the "status" debugfs entry will be maintained for entire F2FS filesystem irrespective of the number of partitions. So, we can move the initialization to the init part of the f2fs and destroy will be done from exit part. After making changes, for individual partition mount - entry creation code will not be executed. Signed-off-by: Jianpeng Ma <majianpeng@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Namjae Jeon <namjae.jeon@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Amit Sahrawat <a.sahrawat@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: add global mutex_lock to protect f2fs_stat_listmajianpeng2013-01-151-12/+11Star
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | There is an race condition between umounting f2fs and reading f2fs/status, which results in oops. Fox example: Thread A Thread B umount f2fs cat f2fs/status f2fs_destroy_stats() { stat_show() { list_for_each_entry_safe(&f2fs_stat_list) list_del(&si->stat_list); mutex_lock(&si->stat_lock); si->sbi = NULL; mutex_unlock(&si->stat_lock); kfree(sbi->stat_info); } mutex_lock(&si->stat_lock) <- si is gone. ... } Solution with a global lock: f2fs_stat_mutex: Thread A Thread B umount f2fs cat f2fs/status f2fs_destroy_stats() { stat_show() { mutex_lock(&f2fs_stat_mutex); list_del(&si->stat_list); mutex_unlock(&f2fs_stat_mutex); kfree(sbi->stat_info); mutex_lock(&f2fs_stat_mutex); } list_for_each_entry_safe(&f2fs_stat_list) ... mutex_unlock(&f2fs_stat_mutex); } Signed-off-by: Jianpeng Ma <majianpeng@gmail.com> [jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com: fix typos, description, and remove the existing lock] Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: remove the blk_plug usage in f2fs_write_data_pagesNamjae Jeon2013-01-151-1/+10
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Let's consider the usage of blk_plug in f2fs_write_data_pages(). We can come up with the two issues: lock contention and task awareness. 1. Merging bios prior to grabing "queue lock" The f2fs merges consecutive IOs in the file system level before submitting any bios, which is similar with the back merge by the plugging mechanism in attempt_plug_merge(). Both of them need to acquire no queue lock. 2. Merging policy with respect to tasks The f2fs merges IOs as much as possible regardless of tasks, while blk-plugging is conducted on a basis of tasks. As we can understand there are trade-offs, f2fs tries to maximize the write performance with well-merged bios. As a result, if f2fs produces many consecutive but separated bios in writepages(), it would be good to use blk-plugging since f2fs would be able to avoid queue lock contention in the block layer by merging them. But, f2fs merges IOs and submit one bio, which means that there are not much chances to merge bios by attempt_plug_merge(). However, f2fs has already been used blk_plug by triggering generic_writepages() in f2fs_write_data_pages(). So to make the overall code consistency, I'd like to remove blk_plug there. Signed-off-by: Namjae Jeon <namjae.jeon@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Amit Sahrawat <a.sahrawat@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: avoid redundant time update for parent directory in f2fs_delete_entryNamjae Jeon2013-01-141-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | In call to f2fs_delete_entry, 'dir' time modification code is put at two places. So, remove the redundant code for timing update. Signed-off-by: Namjae Jeon <namjae.jeon@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Amit Sahrawat <a.sahrawat@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: remove redundant call to set_blocksize in f2fs_fill_superNamjae Jeon2013-01-141-5/+1Star
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Since, f2fs supports only 4KB blocksize, which is set at the beginning in f2fs_fill_super. So, we do not need to again check this blocksize setting in such case. Signed-off-by: Namjae Jeon <namjae.jeon@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Amit Sahrawat <a.sahrawat@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: move f2fs_balance_fs to punch_holeJaegeuk Kim2013-01-111-3/+2Star
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The f2fs_fallocate() has two operations: punch_hole and expand_size. Only in the case of punch_hole, dirty node pages can be produced, so let's trigger f2fs_balance_fs() in this case only. Furthermore, let's trigger it at every data truncation routine. Signed-off-by: Namjae Jeon <namjae.jeon@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: add f2fs_balance_fs in several interfacesJaegeuk Kim2013-01-114-0/+10
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The f2fs_balance_fs() is to check the number of free sections and decide whether it needs to conduct cleaning or not. If there are not enough free sections, the cleaning job should be started. In order to control an amount of free sections even under high utilization, f2fs should call f2fs_balance_fs at all the VFS interfaces that are able to produce dirty pages. This patch adds the function calls in the missing interfaces as follows. 1. f2fs_setxattr() The f2fs_setxattr() produces dirty node pages so that we should call f2fs_balance_fs() either likewise doing in other VFS interfaces such as f2fs_lookup(), f2fs_mkdir(), and so on. 2. f2fs_sync_file() We should guarantee serving free sections for syncing metadata during fsync. Previously, there is no space check before triggering checkpoint and sync_node_pages. Therefore, if a bunch of fsync calls are triggered under 100% of FS utilization, f2fs is able to be faced with no free sections, resulting in BUG_ON(). 3. f2fs_sync_fs() Before calling write_checkpoint(), we should guarantee that there are minimum free sections. 4. f2fs_write_inode() f2fs_write_inode() is also able to produce dirty node pages. Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: revisit the f2fs_gc flowJaegeuk Kim2013-01-093-41/+23Star
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | I'd like to revisit the f2fs_gc flow and rewrite as follows. 1. In practical, the nGC parameter of f2fs_gc is meaningless. So, let's remove it. 2. Background GC marks victim blocks as dirty one at a time. 3. Foreground GC should do cleaning job until acquiring enough free sections. Afterwards, it needs to do checkpoint. Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: check return value during recoveryJaegeuk Kim2013-01-041-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This patch resolves Coverity #753102: >>> No check of the return value of "f2fs_add_link(&dent, inode)". Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: avoid null dereference in f2fs_acl_from_diskJaegeuk Kim2013-01-041-7/+6Star
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This patch resolves Coverity #751303: >>> CID 753103: Explicit null dereferenced (FORWARD_NULL) Passing null >>> pointer "value" to function "f2fs_acl_from_disk(char const *, size_t)", which dereferences it. [Error path] - value = NULL; - retval = 0 by f2fs_getxattr(); - f2fs_acl_from_disk(value:NULL, ...); Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: initialize newly allocated dnode structureJaegeuk Kim2013-01-041-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This patch resolves Coverity #753112. In practical, the existing code flow does not fall into the reported errorneous path. But, anyway, let's avoid this for future. Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: update f2fs partition info about SIT/NAT layoutHuajun Li2013-01-041-2/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Update partition info output under debug FS to reflect segment layout correctly. Signed-off-by: Huajun Li <huajun.li.lee@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: update f2fs document to reflect SIT/NAT layout correctlyHuajun Li2013-01-041-9/+9
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | document to reflect the layout generated by mkfs.f2fs . Signed-off-by: Huajun Li <huajun.li.lee@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: remove unneeded INIT_LIST_HEAD at few placesNamjae Jeon2013-01-042-2/+0Star
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | While creating a new entry for addition to the list(orphan inode list and fsync inode entry list), there is no need to call HEAD initialization for these entries. So, remove that init part. Signed-off-by: Namjae Jeon <namjae.jeon@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Amit Sahrawat <a.sahrawat@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: fix time update in case of f2fs fallocateNamjae Jeon2013-01-041-0/+5
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | After doing a punch hole or expanding inode doing fallocation. The change and modification time are not update for the file. So, update time after no issue is observed in fallocate. Signed-off-by: Namjae Jeon <namjae.jeon@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Amit Sahrawat <a.sahrawat@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
| * f2fs: introduce f2fs_msg to ease adding information printsNamjae Jeon2013-01-042-17/+65
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Introduced f2fs_msg function to differentiate f2fs specific messages in the log. And, added few informative prints in the mount path, to convey proper error in case of mount failure. Signed-off-by: Namjae Jeon <namjae.jeon@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Amit Sahrawat <a.sahrawat@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
* | Merge tag 'vfio-for-v3.8-rc5' of git://github.com/awilliam/linux-vfioLinus Torvalds2013-01-221-2/+2
|\ \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pull vfio fix from Alex Williamson. "vfio-pci: Fix buffer overfill" * tag 'vfio-for-v3.8-rc5' of git://github.com/awilliam/linux-vfio: vfio-pci: Fix buffer overfill
| * | vfio-pci: Fix buffer overfillAlex Williamson2013-01-151-2/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A read from a range hidden from the user (ex. MSI-X vector table) attempts to fill the user buffer up to the end of the excluded range instead of up to the requested count. Fix it. Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex.williamson@redhat.com> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
* | | Merge tag 'trace-3.8-rc4-fix' of ↵Linus Torvalds2013-01-221-1/+1
|\ \ \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rostedt/linux-trace Pull ftrace fix from Steven Rostedt: "Kprobes now uses the function tracer if it can. That is, if a probe is placed on a function mcount/nop location, and the arch supports it, instead of adding a breakpoint, kprobes will register a function callback as that is much more efficient. The function tracer requires to update modules before they run, and uses the module notifier to do so. But if something else in the module notifiers registers a kprobe at one of these locations, before ftrace can get to it, then the system could fail. The function tracer must be initialized early, otherwise module notifiers that probe will only work by chance." * tag 'trace-3.8-rc4-fix' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rostedt/linux-trace: ftrace: Be first to run code modification on modules
| * | | ftrace: Be first to run code modification on modulesSteven Rostedt2013-01-211-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | If some other kernel subsystem has a module notifier, and adds a kprobe to a ftrace mcount point (now that kprobes work on ftrace points), when the ftrace notifier runs it will fail and disable ftrace, as well as kprobes that are attached to ftrace points. Here's the error: WARNING: at kernel/trace/ftrace.c:1618 ftrace_bug+0x239/0x280() Hardware name: Bochs Modules linked in: fat(+) stap_56d28a51b3fe546293ca0700b10bcb29__8059(F) nfsv4 auth_rpcgss nfs dns_resolver fscache xt_nat iptable_nat nf_conntrack_ipv4 nf_defrag_ipv4 nf_nat_ipv4 nf_nat nf_conntrack lockd sunrpc ppdev parport_pc parport microcode virtio_net i2c_piix4 drm_kms_helper ttm drm i2c_core [last unloaded: bid_shared] Pid: 8068, comm: modprobe Tainted: GF 3.7.0-0.rc8.git0.1.fc19.x86_64 #1 Call Trace: [<ffffffff8105e70f>] warn_slowpath_common+0x7f/0xc0 [<ffffffff81134106>] ? __probe_kernel_read+0x46/0x70 [<ffffffffa0180000>] ? 0xffffffffa017ffff [<ffffffffa0180000>] ? 0xffffffffa017ffff [<ffffffff8105e76a>] warn_slowpath_null+0x1a/0x20 [<ffffffff810fd189>] ftrace_bug+0x239/0x280 [<ffffffff810fd626>] ftrace_process_locs+0x376/0x520 [<ffffffff810fefb7>] ftrace_module_notify+0x47/0x50 [<ffffffff8163912d>] notifier_call_chain+0x4d/0x70 [<ffffffff810882f8>] __blocking_notifier_call_chain+0x58/0x80 [<ffffffff81088336>] blocking_notifier_call_chain+0x16/0x20 [<ffffffff810c2a23>] sys_init_module+0x73/0x220 [<ffffffff8163d719>] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b ---[ end trace 9ef46351e53bbf80 ]--- ftrace failed to modify [<ffffffffa0180000>] init_once+0x0/0x20 [fat] actual: cc:bb:d2:4b:e1 A kprobe was added to the init_once() function in the fat module on load. But this happened before ftrace could have touched the code. As ftrace didn't run yet, the kprobe system had no idea it was a ftrace point and simply added a breakpoint to the code (0xcc in the cc:bb:d2:4b:e1). Then when ftrace went to modify the location from a call to mcount/fentry into a nop, it didn't see a call op, but instead it saw the breakpoint op and not knowing what to do with it, ftrace shut itself down. The solution is to simply give the ftrace module notifier the max priority. This should have been done regardless, as the core code ftrace modification also happens very early on in boot up. This makes the module modification closer to core modification. Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20130107140333.593683061@goodmis.org Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Acked-by: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com> Reported-by: Frank Ch. Eigler <fche@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
* | | | Merge tag 'upstream-linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds2013-01-226-19/+31
|\ \ \ \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jgarzik/libata-dev Pull libata fixes from Jeff Garzik: 1) ahci: Fix typo that caused erronenous error handling. Thought: I wonder if sparse could have caught this, somehow. 2) ahci: support a slightly odd Enmotus variant 3) core: fix a drive detection problem by correcting the logic by which the DevSlp timing variables are obtained and used. * tag 'upstream-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jgarzik/libata-dev: [libata] replace sata_settings with devslp_timing [libata] ahci: Add support for Enmotus Bobcat device. [libata] ahci: Fix lack of command retry after a success error handler.
| * | | | [libata] replace sata_settings with devslp_timingShane Huang2013-01-144-17/+23
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NCQ capability was used to check availability of SATA Settings page from Identify Device Data Log, which contains DevSlp timing variables. It does not work on some HDDs and leads to error messages. IDENTIFY word 78 bit 5(Hardware Feature Control) can't work either because it is only the sufficient condition of Identify Device data log, not the necessary condition. This patch replaced ata_device->sata_settings with ->devslp_timing to only save DevSlp timing variables(8 bytes), instead of the whole SATA Settings page(512 bytes). Addresses https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=51881 Reported-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de> Signed-off-by: Shane Huang <shane.huang@amd.com> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@redhat.com>
| * | | | [libata] ahci: Add support for Enmotus Bobcat device.Hugh Daschbach2013-01-141-1/+7
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Silicon does not support standard AHCI BAR assignment. Add vendor/device exception to force BAR 2. Signed-off-by: Hugh Daschbach <hugh.daschbach@enmotus.com> Signed-off-by: Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@redhat.com>
| * | | | [libata] ahci: Fix lack of command retry after a success error handler.Bian Yu2013-01-141-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | It should be a mistake introduced by commit 8d899e70c1b3afff. qc->flags can't be set AC_ERR_* Signed-off-by: Bian Yu <bianyu@kedacom.com> Signed-off-by: Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@redhat.com>
* | | | | Merge branch 'for-linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds2013-01-222-2/+4
|\ \ \ \ \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jmorris/linux-security Pull security subsystem bugfixes from James Morris. * 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jmorris/linux-security: security/device_cgroup: lock assert fails in dev_exception_clean() evm: checking if removexattr is not a NULL
| * | | | | security/device_cgroup: lock assert fails in dev_exception_clean()Jerry Snitselaar2013-01-211-0/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | devcgroup_css_free() calls dev_exception_clean() without the devcgroup_mutex being locked. Shutting down a kvm virt was giving me the following trace: [36280.732764] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [36280.732778] WARNING: at /home/snits/dev/linux/security/device_cgroup.c:172 dev_exception_clean+0xa9/0xc0() [36280.732782] Hardware name: Studio XPS 8100 [36280.732785] Modules linked in: xt_REDIRECT fuse ebtable_nat ebtables ipt_MASQUERADE iptable_nat nf_nat_ipv4 nf_nat xt_CHECKSUM iptable_mangle bridge stp llc nf_conntrack_ipv4 ip6t_REJECT nf_conntrack_ipv6 nf_defrag_ipv6 nf_defrag_ipv4 ip6table_filter it87 hwmon_vid xt_state nf_conntrack ip6_tables snd_hda_codec_hdmi snd_hda_codec_realtek snd_hda_intel snd_hda_codec snd_hwdep snd_seq coretemp snd_seq_device crc32c_intel snd_pcm snd_page_alloc snd_timer snd broadcom tg3 serio_raw i7core_edac edac_core ptp pps_core lpc_ich pcspkr mfd_core soundcore microcode i2c_i801 nfsd auth_rpcgss nfs_acl lockd vhost_net sunrpc tun macvtap macvlan kvm_intel kvm uinput binfmt_misc autofs4 usb_storage firewire_ohci firewire_core crc_itu_t radeon drm_kms_helper ttm [36280.732921] Pid: 933, comm: libvirtd Tainted: G W 3.8.0-rc3-00307-g4c217de #1 [36280.732922] Call Trace: [36280.732927] [<ffffffff81044303>] warn_slowpath_common+0x93/0xc0 [36280.732930] [<ffffffff8104434a>] warn_slowpath_null+0x1a/0x20 [36280.732932] [<ffffffff812deaf9>] dev_exception_clean+0xa9/0xc0 [36280.732934] [<ffffffff812deb2a>] devcgroup_css_free+0x1a/0x30 [36280.732938] [<ffffffff810ccd76>] cgroup_diput+0x76/0x210 [36280.732941] [<ffffffff8119eac0>] d_delete+0x120/0x180 [36280.732943] [<ffffffff81195cff>] vfs_rmdir+0xef/0x130 [36280.732945] [<ffffffff81195e47>] do_rmdir+0x107/0x1c0 [36280.732949] [<ffffffff8132d17e>] ? trace_hardirqs_on_thunk+0x3a/0x3f [36280.732951] [<ffffffff81198646>] sys_rmdir+0x16/0x20 [36280.732954] [<ffffffff8173bd82>] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b [36280.732956] ---[ end trace ca39dced899a7d9f ]--- Signed-off-by: Jerry Snitselaar <jerry.snitselaar@oracle.com> Cc: stable@kernel.org Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
| * | | | | evm: checking if removexattr is not a NULLDmitry Kasatkin2013-01-211-2/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The following lines of code produce a kernel oops. fd = socket(PF_FILE, SOCK_STREAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC|SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0); fchmod(fd, 0666); [ 139.922364] BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at (null) [ 139.924982] IP: [< (null)>] (null) [ 139.924982] *pde = 00000000 [ 139.924982] Oops: 0000 [#5] SMP [ 139.924982] Modules linked in: fuse dm_crypt dm_mod i2c_piix4 serio_raw evdev binfmt_misc button [ 139.924982] Pid: 3070, comm: acpid Tainted: G D 3.8.0-rc2-kds+ #465 Bochs Bochs [ 139.924982] EIP: 0060:[<00000000>] EFLAGS: 00010246 CPU: 0 [ 139.924982] EIP is at 0x0 [ 139.924982] EAX: cf5ef000 EBX: cf5ef000 ECX: c143d600 EDX: c15225f2 [ 139.924982] ESI: cf4d2a1c EDI: cf4d2a1c EBP: cc02df10 ESP: cc02dee4 [ 139.924982] DS: 007b ES: 007b FS: 00d8 GS: 0033 SS: 0068 [ 139.924982] CR0: 80050033 CR2: 00000000 CR3: 0c059000 CR4: 000006d0 [ 139.924982] DR0: 00000000 DR1: 00000000 DR2: 00000000 DR3: 00000000 [ 139.924982] DR6: ffff0ff0 DR7: 00000400 [ 139.924982] Process acpid (pid: 3070, ti=cc02c000 task=d7705340 task.ti=cc02c000) [ 139.924982] Stack: [ 139.924982] c1203c88 00000000 cc02def4 cf4d2a1c ae21eefa 471b60d5 1083c1ba c26a5940 [ 139.924982] e891fb5e 00000041 00000004 cc02df1c c1203964 00000000 cc02df4c c10e20c3 [ 139.924982] 00000002 00000000 00000000 22222222 c1ff2222 cf5ef000 00000000 d76efb08 [ 139.924982] Call Trace: [ 139.924982] [<c1203c88>] ? evm_update_evmxattr+0x5b/0x62 [ 139.924982] [<c1203964>] evm_inode_post_setattr+0x22/0x26 [ 139.924982] [<c10e20c3>] notify_change+0x25f/0x281 [ 139.924982] [<c10cbf56>] chmod_common+0x59/0x76 [ 139.924982] [<c10e27a1>] ? put_unused_fd+0x33/0x33 [ 139.924982] [<c10cca09>] sys_fchmod+0x39/0x5c [ 139.924982] [<c13f4f30>] syscall_call+0x7/0xb [ 139.924982] Code: Bad EIP value. This happens because sockets do not define the removexattr operation. Before removing the xattr, verify the removexattr function pointer is not NULL. Signed-off-by: Dmitry Kasatkin <dmitry.kasatkin@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
* | | | | | wake_up_process() should be never used to wakeup a TASK_STOPPED/TRACED taskOleg Nesterov2013-01-221-1/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | wake_up_process() should never wakeup a TASK_STOPPED/TRACED task. Change it to use TASK_NORMAL and add the WARN_ON(). TASK_ALL has no other users, probably can be killed. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* | | | | | ptrace: ensure arch_ptrace/ptrace_request can never race with SIGKILLOleg Nesterov2013-01-223-14/+64
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | putreg() assumes that the tracee is not running and pt_regs_access() can safely play with its stack. However a killed tracee can return from ptrace_stop() to the low-level asm code and do RESTORE_REST, this means that debugger can actually read/modify the kernel stack until the tracee does SAVE_REST again. set_task_blockstep() can race with SIGKILL too and in some sense this race is even worse, the very fact the tracee can be woken up breaks the logic. As Linus suggested we can clear TASK_WAKEKILL around the arch_ptrace() call, this ensures that nobody can ever wakeup the tracee while the debugger looks at it. Not only this fixes the mentioned problems, we can do some cleanups/simplifications in arch_ptrace() paths. Probably ptrace_unfreeze_traced() needs more callers, for example it makes sense to make the tracee killable for oom-killer before access_process_vm(). While at it, add the comment into may_ptrace_stop() to explain why ptrace_stop() still can't rely on SIGKILL and signal_pending_state(). Reported-by: Salman Qazi <sqazi@google.com> Reported-by: Suleiman Souhlal <suleiman@google.com> Suggested-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* | | | | | ptrace: introduce signal_wake_up_state() and ptrace_signal_wake_up()Oleg Nesterov2013-01-223-15/+18
|/ / / / / | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cleanup and preparation for the next change. signal_wake_up(resume => true) is overused. None of ptrace/jctl callers actually want to wakeup a TASK_WAKEKILL task, but they can't specify the necessary mask. Turn signal_wake_up() into signal_wake_up_state(state), reintroduce signal_wake_up() as a trivial helper, and add ptrace_signal_wake_up() which adds __TASK_TRACED. This way ptrace_signal_wake_up() can work "inside" ptrace_request() even if the tracee doesn't have the TASK_WAKEKILL bit set. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* | | | | Merge branch 'drm-fixes' of git://people.freedesktop.org/~airlied/linuxLinus Torvalds2013-01-2119-32/+140
|\ \ \ \ \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pull drm fixes from Dave Airlie: "A bunch of intel and radeon fixes, along with two fixes to TTM code. The correct fix for the Intel ironlake failure is in this, and should make things more stable, along with some misc radeon fixes." * 'drm-fixes' of git://people.freedesktop.org/~airlied/linux: ttm: on move memory failure don't leave a node dangling ttm: don't destroy old mm_node on memcpy failure Revert "drm/radeon: do not move bo to different placement at each cs" drm/i915: fix FORCEWAKE posting reads drm/i915: Invalidate the relocation presumed_offsets along the slow path drm/i915/eDP: do not write power sequence registers for ghost eDP drm/radeon: improve semaphore debugging on lockup drm/radeon: allow FP16 color clear registers on r500 drm/radeon: clear reset flags if engines are idle drm/i915: Record DERRMR, FORCEWAKE and RING_CTL in error-state
| * | | | | ttm: on move memory failure don't leave a node danglingDave Airlie2013-01-211-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | if we have a move notify callback, when moving fails, we call move notify the opposite way around, however this ends up with *mem containing the mm_node from the bo, which means we double free it. This is a follow on to the previous fix. Reviewed-by: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Dave Airlie <airlied@redhat.com>
| * | | | | ttm: don't destroy old mm_node on memcpy failureDave Airlie2013-01-211-2/+9
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | When we are using memcpy to move objects around, and we fail to memcpy due to lack of memory to populate or failure to finish the copy, we don't want to destroy the mm_node that has been copied into old_copy. While working on a new kms driver that uses memcpy, if I overallocated bo's up to the memory limits, and eviction failed, then machine would oops soon after due to having an active bo with an already freed drm_mm embedded in it, freeing it a second time didn't end well. Reviewed-by: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Dave Airlie <airlied@redhat.com>
| * | | | | Merge branch 'drm-intel-fixes' of ↵Dave Airlie2013-01-217-20/+84
| |\ \ \ \ \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | git://people.freedesktop.org/~danvet/drm-intel into drm-next More important fixes for 3.9: - error_state improvements to help debug the new scanline wait code added for gen6+ - bug reports started popping up :( patch from Chris Wilson. - fix a panel power sequence confusion between the eDP and lvds detection code resulting in black screens - regression introduce in 3.8 (Jani Nikula) - Chris fixed the root-cause of the ilk relocation vs. evict bug. - Another piece of cargo-culted rc6 lore from Jani, fixes up a regression where a system refused to go into rc6 after suspend sometimes. * 'drm-intel-fixes' of git://people.freedesktop.org/~danvet/drm-intel: drm/i915: fix FORCEWAKE posting reads drm/i915: Invalidate the relocation presumed_offsets along the slow path drm/i915/eDP: do not write power sequence registers for ghost eDP drm/i915: Record DERRMR, FORCEWAKE and RING_CTL in error-state
| | * | | | | drm/i915: fix FORCEWAKE posting readsJani Nikula2013-01-171-5/+12
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | We stopped reading FORCEWAKE for posting reads in commit 8dee3eea3ccd3b6c00a8d3a08dd715d6adf737dd Author: Ben Widawsky <ben@bwidawsk.net> Date: Sat Sep 1 22:59:50 2012 -0700 drm/i915: Never read FORCEWAKE and started using something from the same cacheline instead. On the bug reporter's machine this broke entering rc6 states after a suspend/resume cycle. It turns out reading ECOBUS as posting read worked fine, while GTFIFODBG did not, preventing RC6 states after suspend/resume per the bug report referenced below. It's not entirely clear why, but clearly GTFIFODBG was nowhere near the same cacheline or address range as FORCEWAKE. Trying out various registers for posting reads showed that all tested registers for which NEEDS_FORCE_WAKE() (in i915_drv.c) returns true work. Conversely, most (but not quite all) registers for which NEEDS_FORCE_WAKE() returns false do not work. Details in the referenced bug. Based on the above, add posting reads on ECOBUS where GTFIFODBG was previously relied on. In true cargo cult spirit, add posting reads for FORCEWAKE_VLV writes as well, but instead of ECOBUS, use FORCEWAKE_ACK_VLV which is in the same address range as FORCEWAKE_VLV. v2: Add more details to the commit message. No functional changes. Bugzilla: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=52411 Reported-and-tested-by: Alexander Bersenev <bay@hackerdom.ru> CC: Ben Widawsky <ben@bwidawsk.net> Signed-off-by: Jani Nikula <jani.nikula@intel.com> Reviewed-by: Chris Wilson <chris@chris-wilson.co.uk> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org [danvet: add cc: stable and make the commit message a bit clearer that this is a regression fix and what exactly broke.] Signed-off-by: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
| | * | | | | drm/i915: Invalidate the relocation presumed_offsets along the slow pathChris Wilson2013-01-161-0/+21
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | In the slow path, we are forced to copy the relocations prior to acquiring the struct mutex in order to handle pagefaults. We forgo copying the new offsets back into the relocation entries in order to prevent a recursive locking bug should we trigger a pagefault whilst holding the mutex for the reservations of the execbuffer. Therefore, we need to reset the presumed_offsets just in case the objects are rebound back into their old locations after relocating for this exexbuffer - if that were to happen we would assume the relocations were valid and leave the actual pointers to the kernels dangling, instant hang. Fixes regression from commit bcf50e2775bbc3101932d8e4ab8c7902aa4163b4 Author: Chris Wilson <chris@chris-wilson.co.uk> Date: Sun Nov 21 22:07:12 2010 +0000 drm/i915: Handle pagefaults in execbuffer user relocations Bugzilla: https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=55984 Signed-off-by: Chris Wilson <chris@chris-wilson.co.uk> Cc: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@fwll.ch> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
| | * | | | | drm/i915/eDP: do not write power sequence registers for ghost eDPJani Nikula2013-01-161-15/+32
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Some machines detect an eDP port even if it's not really there, and eDP initialization has a fail path for this. Typically such machines have an LVDS display instead. A regression introduced in commit 82ed61fa1a4e08d5f9e86fb1b715b50ed678b6ac Author: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch> Date: Sat Oct 20 20:57:41 2012 +0200 drm/i915: make edp panel power sequence setup more robust updated the power sequence registers PCH_PP_ON_DELAYS, PCH_PP_OFF_DELAYS, and PCH_PP_DIVISOR also in the ghost eDP case, messing up the LVDS display. Split the power sequencer initialization into two, delaying the register updates until after we know the eDP is real. Note: Keep the PP_CONTROL unlocking in the first part, even if it does not update registers, per the commit message of the above mentioned commit. Bugzilla: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=52601 Reported-and-tested-by: Ryan Coe <ryan@rycomotorsports.com> Signed-off-by: Jani Nikula <jani.nikula@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
| | * | | | | drm/i915: Record DERRMR, FORCEWAKE and RING_CTL in error-stateChris Wilson2013-01-154-0/+19
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | These are useful for investigating hangs involving WAIT_FOR_EVENT. Signed-off-by: Chris Wilson <chris@chris-wilson.co.uk> [danvet: Apply a droplet of Future-Proof in the if-ladder.] Signed-off-by: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
| * | | | | | Merge branch 'drm-fixes-3.8' of git://people.freedesktop.org/~agd5f/linux ↵Dave Airlie2013-01-2110-10/+46
| |\ \ \ \ \ \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | into drm-next A number of fixes, and one revert for a patch having some wierd side effects. * 'drm-fixes-3.8' of git://people.freedesktop.org/~agd5f/linux: Revert "drm/radeon: do not move bo to different placement at each cs" drm/radeon: improve semaphore debugging on lockup drm/radeon: allow FP16 color clear registers on r500 drm/radeon: clear reset flags if engines are idle
| | * | | | | | Revert "drm/radeon: do not move bo to different placement at each cs"Alex Deucher2013-01-172-9/+10
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This reverts commit d025e9e2b890db679f1246037bf65bd4be512627. This causes corruption for a number of users and needs further investigation in the next cycle. https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=52491 https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=58659 http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/dri-devel/2013-January/032961.html Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
| | * | | | | | drm/radeon: improve semaphore debugging on lockupJerome Glisse2013-01-153-0/+8
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Signed-off-by: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
| | * | | | | | drm/radeon: allow FP16 color clear registers on r500Marek Olšák2013-01-152-1/+4
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Probably not a candidate for stable kernels because of conflicts in DRM versioning. Signed-off-by: Marek Olšák <maraeo@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
| | * | | | | | drm/radeon: clear reset flags if engines are idleAlex Deucher2013-01-154-0/+24
| |/ / / / / / | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fixes a hard lock in the gpu reset code after the rework for DMA support (0ecebb9e0d14e9948e0b1529883a776758117d6f "drm/radeon: switch to a finer grained reset for evergreen") due to not bailing before the MC shutdown if the relevant engines are idle. Discussion: http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/dri-devel/2013-January/032985.html Reported-by: Eldad Zack <eldad@fogrefinery.com> Tested-by: Eldad Zack <eldad@fogrefinery.com> Acked-by: Paul Menzel <paulepanter@users.sourceforge.net> Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>