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=================================
INTERNAL KERNEL ABI FOR FR-V ARCH
=================================
The internal FRV kernel ABI is not quite the same as the userspace ABI. A
number of the registers are used for special purposed, and the ABI is not
consistent between modules vs core, and MMU vs no-MMU.
This partly stems from the fact that FRV CPUs do not have a separate
supervisor stack pointer, and most of them do not have any scratch
registers, thus requiring at least one general purpose register to be
clobbered in such an event. Also, within the kernel core, it is possible to
simply jump or call directly between functions using a relative offset.
This cannot be extended to modules for the displacement is likely to be too
far. Thus in modules the address of a function to call must be calculated
in a register and then used, requiring two extra instructions.
This document has the following sections:
(*) System call register ABI
(*) CPU operating modes
(*) Internal kernel-mode register ABI
(*) Internal debug-mode register ABI
(*) Virtual interrupt handling
========================
SYSTEM CALL REGISTER ABI
========================
When a system call is made, the following registers are effective:
REGISTERS CALL RETURN
=============== ======================= =======================
GR7 System call number Preserved
GR8 Syscall arg #1 Return value
GR9-GR13 Syscall arg #2-6 Preserved
===================
CPU OPERATING MODES
===================
The FR-V CPU has three basic operating modes. In order of increasing
capability:
(1) User mode.
Basic userspace running mode.
(2) Kernel mode.
Normal kernel mode. There are many additional control registers
available that may be accessed in this mode, in addition to all the
stuff available to user mode. This has two submodes:
(a) Exceptions enabled (PSR.T == 1).
Exceptions will invoke the appropriate normal kernel mode
handler. On entry to the handler, the PSR.T bit will be cleared.
(b) Exceptions disabled (PSR.T == 0).
No exceptions or interrupts may happen. Any mandatory exceptions
will cause the CPU to halt unless the CPU is told to jump into
debug mode instead.
(3) Debug mode.
No exceptions may happen in this mode. Memory protection and
management exceptions will be flagged for later consideration, but
the exception handler won't be invoked. Debugging traps such as
hardware breakpoints and watchpoints will be ignored. This mode is
entered only by debugging events obtained from the other two modes.
All kernel mode registers may be accessed, plus a few extra debugging
specific registers.
=================================
INTERNAL KERNEL-MODE REGISTER ABI
=================================
There are a number of permanent register assignments that are set up by
entry.S in the exception prologue. Note that there is a complete set of
exception prologues for each of user->kernel transition and kernel->kernel
transition. There are also user->debug and kernel->debug mode transition
prologues.
REGISTER FLAVOUR USE
=============== ======= ==============================================
GR1 Supervisor stack pointer
GR15 Current thread info pointer
GR16 GP-Rel base register for small data
GR28 Current exception frame pointer (__frame)
GR29 Current task pointer (current)
GR30 Destroyed by kernel mode entry
GR31 NOMMU Destroyed by debug mode entry
GR31 MMU Destroyed by TLB miss kernel mode entry
CCR.ICC2 Virtual interrupt disablement tracking
CCCR.CC3 Cleared by exception prologue
(atomic op emulation)
SCR0 MMU See mmu-layout.txt.
SCR1 MMU See mmu-layout.txt.
SCR2 MMU Save for EAR0 (destroyed by icache insns
in debug mode)
SCR3 MMU Save for GR31 during debug exceptions
DAMR/IAMR NOMMU Fixed memory protection layout.
DAMR/IAMR MMU See mmu-layout.txt.
Certain registers are also used or modified across function calls:
REGISTER CALL RETURN
=============== =============================== ======================
GR0 Fixed Zero -
GR2 Function call frame pointer
GR3 Special Preserved
GR3-GR7 - Clobbered
GR8 Function call arg #1 Return value
(or clobbered)
GR9 Function call arg #2 Return value MSW
(or clobbered)
GR10-GR13 Function call arg #3-#6 Clobbered
GR14 - Clobbered
GR15-GR16 Special Preserved
GR17-GR27 - Preserved
GR28-GR31 Special Only accessed
explicitly
LR Return address after CALL Clobbered
CCR/CCCR - Mostly Clobbered
================================
INTERNAL DEBUG-MODE REGISTER ABI
================================
This is the same as the kernel-mode register ABI for functions calls. The
difference is that in debug-mode there's a different stack and a different
exception frame. Almost all the global registers from kernel-mode
(including the stack pointer) may be changed.
REGISTER FLAVOUR USE
=============== ======= ==============================================
GR1 Debug stack pointer
GR16 GP-Rel base register for small data
GR31 Current debug exception frame pointer
(__debug_frame)
SCR3 MMU Saved value of GR31
Note that debug mode is able to interfere with the kernel's emulated atomic
ops, so it must be exceedingly careful not to do any that would interact
with the main kernel in this regard. Hence the debug mode code (gdbstub) is
almost completely self-contained. The only external code used is the
sprintf family of functions.
Furthermore, break.S is so complicated because single-step mode does not
switch off on entry to an exception. That means unless manually disabled,
single-stepping will blithely go on stepping into things like interrupts.
See gdbstub.txt for more information.
==========================
VIRTUAL INTERRUPT HANDLING
==========================
Because accesses to the PSR is so slow, and to disable interrupts we have
to access it twice (once to read and once to write), we don't actually
disable interrupts at all if we don't have to. What we do instead is use
the ICC2 condition code flags to note virtual disablement, such that if we
then do take an interrupt, we note the flag, really disable interrupts, set
another flag and resume execution at the point the interrupt happened.
Setting condition flags as a side effect of an arithmetic or logical
instruction is really fast. This use of the ICC2 only occurs within the
kernel - it does not affect userspace.
The flags we use are:
(*) CCR.ICC2.Z [Zero flag]
Set to virtually disable interrupts, clear when interrupts are
virtually enabled. Can be modified by logical instructions without
affecting the Carry flag.
(*) CCR.ICC2.C [Carry flag]
Clear to indicate hardware interrupts are really disabled, set otherwise.
What happens is this:
(1) Normal kernel-mode operation.
ICC2.Z is 0, ICC2.C is 1.
(2) An interrupt occurs. The exception prologue examines ICC2.Z and
determines that nothing needs doing. This is done simply with an
unlikely BEQ instruction.
(3) The interrupts are disabled (local_irq_disable)
ICC2.Z is set to 1.
(4) If interrupts were then re-enabled (local_irq_enable):
ICC2.Z would be set to 0.
A TIHI #2 instruction (trap #2 if condition HI - Z==0 && C==0) would
be used to trap if interrupts were now virtually enabled, but
physically disabled - which they're not, so the trap isn't taken. The
kernel would then be back to state (1).
(5) An interrupt occurs. The exception prologue examines ICC2.Z and
determines that the interrupt shouldn't actually have happened. It
jumps aside, and there disabled interrupts by setting PSR.PIL to 14
and then it clears ICC2.C.
(6) If interrupts were then saved and disabled again (local_irq_save):
ICC2.Z would be shifted into the save variable and masked off
(giving a 1).
ICC2.Z would then be set to 1 (thus unchanged), and ICC2.C would be
unaffected (ie: 0).
(7) If interrupts were then restored from state (6) (local_irq_restore):
ICC2.Z would be set to indicate the result of XOR'ing the saved
value (ie: 1) with 1, which gives a result of 0 - thus leaving
ICC2.Z set.
ICC2.C would remain unaffected (ie: 0).
A TIHI #2 instruction would be used to again assay the current state,
but this would do nothing as Z==1.
(8) If interrupts were then enabled (local_irq_enable):
ICC2.Z would be cleared. ICC2.C would be left unaffected. Both
flags would now be 0.
A TIHI #2 instruction again issued to assay the current state would
then trap as both Z==0 [interrupts virtually enabled] and C==0
[interrupts really disabled] would then be true.
(9) The trap #2 handler would simply enable hardware interrupts
(set PSR.PIL to 0), set ICC2.C to 1 and return.
(10) Immediately upon returning, the pending interrupt would be taken.
(11) The interrupt handler would take the path of actually processing the
interrupt (ICC2.Z is clear, BEQ fails as per step (2)).
(12) The interrupt handler would then set ICC2.C to 1 since hardware
interrupts are definitely enabled - or else the kernel wouldn't be here.
(13) On return from the interrupt handler, things would be back to state (1).
This trap (#2) is only available in kernel mode. In user mode it will
result in SIGILL.
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