path: root/block-qcow.c

/*
 * Block driver for the QCOW format
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2004-2006 Fabrice Bellard
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 * THE SOFTWARE.
 */
#include "qemu-common.h"
#include "block_int.h"
#include <zlib.h>
#include "aes.h"

/**************************************************************/
/* QEMU COW block driver with compression and encryption support */

#define QCOW_MAGIC (('Q' << 24) | ('F' << 16) | ('I' << 8) | 0xfb)
#define QCOW_VERSION 1

#define QCOW_CRYPT_NONE 0
#define QCOW_CRYPT_AES  1

#define QCOW_OFLAG_COMPRESSED (1LL << 63)

typedef struct QCowHeader {
    uint32_t magic;
    uint32_t version;
    uint64_t backing_file_offset;
    uint32_t backing_file_size;
    uint32_t mtime;
    uint64_t size; /* in bytes */
    uint8_t cluster_bits;
    uint8_t l2_bits;
    uint32_t crypt_method;
    uint64_t l1_table_offset;
} QCowHeader;

#define L2_CACHE_SIZE 16

typedef struct BDRVQcowState {
    BlockDriverState *hd;
    int cluster_bits;
    int cluster_size;
    int cluster_sectors;
    int l2_bits;
    int l2_size;
    int l1_size;
    uint64_t cluster_offset_mask;
    uint64_t l1_table_offset;
    uint64_t *l1_table;
    uint64_t *l2_cache;
    uint64_t l2_cache_offsets[L2_CACHE_SIZE];
    uint32_t l2_cache_counts[L2_CACHE_SIZE];
    uint8_t *cluster_cache;
    uint8_t *cluster_data;
    uint64_t cluster_cache_offset;
    uint32_t crypt_method; /* current crypt method, 0 if no key yet */
    uint32_t crypt_method_header;
    AES_KEY aes_encrypt_key;
    AES_KEY aes_decrypt_key;
} BDRVQcowState;

static int decompress_cluster(BDRVQcowState *s, uint64_t cluster_offset);

static int qcow_probe(const uint8_t *buf, int buf_size, const char *filename)
{
    const QCowHeader *cow_header = (const void *)buf;

    if (buf_size >= sizeof(QCowHeader) &&
        be32_to_cpu(cow_header->magic) == QCOW_MAGIC &&
        be32_to_cpu(cow_header->version) == QCOW_VERSION)
        return 100;
    else
        return 0;
}

static int qcow_open(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *filename, int flags)
{
    BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
    int len, i, shift, ret;
    QCowHeader header;

    ret = bdrv_file_open(&s->hd, filename, flags);
    if (ret < 0)
        return ret;
    if (bdrv_pread(s->hd, 0, &header, sizeof(header)) != sizeof(header))
        goto fail;
    be32_to_cpus(&header.magic);
    be32_to_cpus(&header.version);
    be64_to_cpus(&header.backing_file_offset);
    be32_to_cpus(&header.backing_file_size);
    be32_to_cpus(&header.mtime);
    be64_to_cpus(&header.size);
    be32_to_cpus(&header.crypt_method);
    be64_to_cpus(&header.l1_table_offset);

    if (header.magic != QCOW_MAGIC || header.version != QCOW_VERSION)
        goto fail;
    if (header.size <= 1 || header.cluster_bits < 9)
        goto fail;
    if (header.crypt_method > QCOW_CRYPT_AES)
        goto fail;
    s->crypt_method_header = header.crypt_method;
    if (s->crypt_method_header)
        bs->encrypted = 1;
    s->cluster_bits = header.cluster_bits;
    s->cluster_size = 1 << s->cluster_bits;
    s->cluster_sectors = 1 << (s->cluster_bits - 9);
    s->l2_bits = header.l2_bits;
    s->l2_size = 1 << s->l2_bits;
    bs->total_sectors = header.size / 512;
    s->cluster_offset_mask = (1LL << (63 - s->cluster_bits)) - 1;

    /* read the level 1 table */
    shift = s->cluster_bits + s->l2_bits;
    s->l1_size = (header.size + (1LL << shift) - 1) >> shift;

    s->l1_table_offset = header.l1_table_offset;
    s->l1_table = qemu_malloc(s->l1_size * sizeof(uint64_t));
    if (!s->l1_table)
        goto fail;
    if (bdrv_pread(s->hd, s->l1_table_offset, s->l1_table, s->l1_size * sizeof(uint64_t)) !=
        s->l1_size * sizeof(uint64_t))
        goto fail;
    for(i = 0;i < s->l1_size; i++) {
        be64_to_cpus(&s->l1_table[i]);
    }
    /* alloc L2 cache */
    s->l2_cache = qemu_malloc(s->l2_size * L2_CACHE_SIZE * sizeof(uint64_t));
    if (!s->l2_cache)
        goto fail;
    s->cluster_cache = qemu_malloc(s->cluster_size);
    if (!s->cluster_cache)
        goto fail;
    s->cluster_data = qemu_malloc(s->cluster_size);
    if (!s->cluster_data)
        goto fail;
    s->cluster_cache_offset = -1;

    /* read the backing file name */
    if (header.backing_file_offset != 0) {
        len = header.backing_file_size;
        if (len > 1023)
            len = 1023;
        if (bdrv_pread(s->hd, header.backing_file_offset, bs->backing_file, len) != len)
            goto fail;
        bs->backing_file[len] = '\0';
    }
    return 0;

 fail:
    qemu_free(s->l1_table);
    qemu_free(s->l2_cache);
    qemu_free(s->cluster_cache);
    qemu_free(s->cluster_data);
    bdrv_delete(s->hd);
    return -1;
}

static int qcow_set_key(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *key)
{
    BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
    uint8_t keybuf[16];
    int len, i;

    memset(keybuf, 0, 16);
    len = strlen(key);
    if (len > 16)
        len = 16;
    /* XXX: we could compress the chars to 7 bits to increase
       entropy */
    for(i = 0;i < len;i++) {
        keybuf[i] = key[i];
    }
    s->crypt_method = s->crypt_method_header;

    if (AES_set_encrypt_key(keybuf, 128, &s->aes_encrypt_key) != 0)
        return -1;
    if (AES_set_decrypt_key(keybuf, 128, &s->aes_decrypt_key) != 0)
        return -1;
#if 0
    /* test */
    {
        uint8_t in[16];
        uint8_t out[16];
        uint8_t tmp[16];
        for(i=0;i<16;i++)
            in[i] = i;
        AES_encrypt(in, tmp, &s->aes_encrypt_key);
        AES_decrypt(tmp, out, &s->aes_decrypt_key);
        for(i = 0; i < 16; i++)
            printf(" %02x", tmp[i]);
        printf("\n");
        for(i = 0; i < 16; i++)
            printf(" %02x", out[i]);
        printf("\n");
    }
#endif
    return 0;
}

/* The crypt function is compatible with the linux cryptoloop
   algorithm for < 4 GB images. NOTE: out_buf == in_buf is
   supported */
static void encrypt_sectors(BDRVQcowState *s, int64_t sector_num,
                            uint8_t *out_buf, const uint8_t *in_buf,
                            int nb_sectors, int enc,
                            const AES_KEY *key)
{
    union {
        uint64_t ll[2];
        uint8_t b[16];
    } ivec;
    int i;

    for(i = 0; i < nb_sectors; i++) {
        ivec.ll[0] = cpu_to_le64(sector_num);
        ivec.ll[1] = 0;
        AES_cbc_encrypt(in_buf, out_buf, 512, key,
                        ivec.b, enc);
        sector_num++;
        in_buf += 512;
        out_buf += 512;
    }
}

/* 'allocate' is:
 *
 * 0 to not allocate.
 *
 * 1 to allocate a normal cluster (for sector indexes 'n_start' to
 * 'n_end')
 *
 * 2 to allocate a compressed cluster of size
 * 'compressed_size'. 'compressed_size' must be > 0 and <
 * cluster_size
 *
 * return 0 if not allocated.
 */
static uint64_t get_cluster_offset(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                   uint64_t offset, int allocate,
                                   int compressed_size,
                                   int n_start, int n_end)
{
    BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
    int min_index, i, j, l1_index, l2_index;
    uint64_t l2_offset, *l2_table, cluster_offset, tmp;
    uint32_t min_count;
    int new_l2_table;

    l1_index = offset >> (s->l2_bits + s->cluster_bits);
    l2_offset = s->l1_table[l1_index];
    new_l2_table = 0;
    if (!l2_offset) {
        if (!allocate)
            return 0;
        /* allocate a new l2 entry */
        l2_offset = bdrv_getlength(s->hd);
        /* round to cluster size */
        l2_offset = (l2_offset + s->cluster_size - 1) & ~(s->cluster_size - 1);
        /* update the L1 entry */
        s->l1_table[l1_index] = l2_offset;
        tmp = cpu_to_be64(l2_offset);
        if (bdrv_pwrite(s->hd, s->l1_table_offset + l1_index * sizeof(tmp),
                        &tmp, sizeof(tmp)) != sizeof(tmp))
            return 0;
        new_l2_table = 1;
    }
    for(i = 0; i < L2_CACHE_SIZE; i++) {
        if (l2_offset == s->l2_cache_offsets[i]) {
            /* increment the hit count */
            if (++s->l2_cache_counts[i] == 0xffffffff) {
                for(j = 0; j < L2_CACHE_SIZE; j++) {
                    s->l2_cache_counts[j] >>= 1;
                }
            }
            l2_table = s->l2_cache + (i << s->l2_bits);
            goto found;
        }
    }
    /* not found: load a new entry in the least used one */
    min_index = 0;
    min_count = 0xffffffff;
    for(i = 0; i < L2_CACHE_SIZE; i++) {
        if (s->l2_cache_counts[i] < min_count) {
            min_count = s->l2_cache_counts[i];
            min_index = i;
        }
    }
    l2_table = s->l2_cache + (min_index << s->l2_bits);
    if (new_l2_table) {
        memset(l2_table, 0, s->l2_size * sizeof(uint64_t));
        if (bdrv_pwrite(s->hd, l2_offset, l2_table, s->l2_size * sizeof(uint64_t)) !=
            s->l2_size * sizeof(uint64_t))
            return 0;
    } else {
        if (bdrv_pread(s->hd, l2_offset, l2_table, s->l2_size * sizeof(uint64_t)) !=
            s->l2_size * sizeof(uint64_t))
            return 0;
    }
    s->l2_cache_offsets[min_index] = l2_offset;
    s->l2_cache_counts[min_index] = 1;
 found:
    l2_index = (offset >> s->cluster_bits) & (s->l2_size - 1);
    cluster_offset = be64_to_cpu(l2_table[l2_index]);
    if (!cluster_offset ||
        ((cluster_offset & QCOW_OFLAG_COMPRESSED) && allocate == 1)) {
        if (!allocate)
            return 0;
        /* allocate a new cluster */
        if ((cluster_offset & QCOW_OFLAG_COMPRESSED) &&
            (n_end - n_start) < s->cluster_sectors) {
            /* if the cluster is already compressed, we must
               decompress it in the case it is not completely
               overwritten */
            if (decompress_cluster(s, cluster_offset) < 0)
                return 0;
            cluster_offset = bdrv_getlength(s->hd);
            cluster_offset = (cluster_offset + s->cluster_size - 1) &
                ~(s->cluster_size - 1);
            /* write the cluster content */
            if (bdrv_pwrite(s->hd, cluster_offset, s->cluster_cache, s->cluster_size) !=
                s->cluster_size)
                return -1;
        } else {
            cluster_offset = bdrv_getlength(s->hd);
            /* round to cluster size */
            cluster_offset = (cluster_offset + s->cluster_size - 1) &
                ~(s->cluster_size - 1);
            bdrv_truncate(s->hd, cluster_offset + s->cluster_size);
            /* if encrypted, we must initialize the cluster
               content which won't be written */
            if (s->crypt_method &&
                (n_end - n_start) < s->cluster_sectors) {
                uint64_t start_sect;
                start_sect = (offset & ~(s->cluster_size - 1)) >> 9;
                memset(s->cluster_data + 512, 0x00, 512);
                for(i = 0; i < s->cluster_sectors; i++) {
                    if (i < n_start || i >= n_end) {
                        encrypt_sectors(s, start_sect + i,
                                        s->cluster_data,
                                        s->cluster_data + 512, 1, 1,
                                        &s->aes_encrypt_key);
                        if (bdrv_pwrite(s->hd, cluster_offset + i * 512,
                                        s->cluster_data, 512) != 512)
                            return -1;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        /* update L2 table */
        tmp = cpu_to_be64(cluster_offset);
        l2_table[l2_index] = tmp;
        if (bdrv_pwrite(s->hd,
                        l2_offset + l2_index * sizeof(tmp), &tmp, sizeof(tmp)) != sizeof(tmp))
            return 0;
    }
    return cluster_offset;
}

static int qcow_is_allocated(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
                             int nb_sectors, int *pnum)
{
    BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
    int index_in_cluster, n;
    uint64_t cluster_offset;

    cluster_offset = get_cluster_offset(bs, sector_num << 9, 0, 0, 0, 0);
    index_in_cluster = sector_num & (s->cluster_sectors - 1);
    n = s->cluster_sectors - index_in_cluster;
    if (n > nb_sectors)
        n = nb_sectors;
    *pnum = n;
    return (cluster_offset != 0);
}

static int decompress_buffer(uint8_t *out_buf, int out_buf_size,
                             const uint8_t *buf, int buf_size)
{
    z_stream strm1, *strm = &strm1;
    int ret, out_len;

    memset(strm, 0, sizeof(*strm));

    strm->next_in = (uint8_t *)buf;
    strm->avail_in = buf_size;
    strm->next_out = out_buf;
    strm->avail_out = out_buf_size;

    ret = inflateInit2(strm, -12);
    if (ret != Z_OK)
        return -1;
    ret = inflate(strm, Z_FINISH);
    out_len = strm->next_out - out_buf;
    if ((ret != Z_STREAM_END && ret != Z_BUF_ERROR) ||
        out_len != out_buf_size) {
        inflateEnd(strm);
        return -1;
    }
    inflateEnd(strm);
    return 0;
}

static int decompress_cluster(BDRVQcowState *s, uint64_t cluster_offset)
{
    int ret, csize;
    uint64_t coffset;

    coffset = cluster_offset & s->cluster_offset_mask;
    if (s->cluster_cache_offset != coffset) {
        csize = cluster_offset >> (63 - s->cluster_bits);
        csize &= (s->cluster_size - 1);
        ret = bdrv_pread(s->hd, coffset, s->cluster_data, csize);
        if (ret != csize)
            return -1;
        if (decompress_buffer(s->cluster_cache, s->cluster_size,
                              s->cluster_data, csize) < 0) {
            return -1;
        }
        s->cluster_cache_offset = coffset;
    }
    return 0;
}

#if 0

static int qcow_read(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
                     uint8_t *buf, int nb_sectors)
{
    BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
    int ret, index_in_cluster, n;
    uint64_t cluster_offset;

    while (nb_sectors > 0) {
        cluster_offset = get_cluster_offset(bs, sector_num << 9, 0, 0, 0, 0);
        index_in_cluster = sector_num & (s->cluster_sectors - 1);
        n = s->cluster_sectors - index_in_cluster;
        if (n > nb_sectors)
            n = nb_sectors;
        if (!cluster_offset) {
            if (bs->backing_hd) {
                /* read from the base image */
                ret = bdrv_read(bs->backing_hd, sector_num, buf, n);
                if (ret < 0)
                    return -1;
            } else {
                memset(buf, 0, 512 * n);
            }
        } else if (cluster_offset & QCOW_OFLAG_COMPRESSED) {
            if (decompress_cluster(s, cluster_offset) < 0)
                return -1;
            memcpy(buf, s->cluster_cache + index_in_cluster * 512, 512 * n);
        } else {
            ret = bdrv_pread(s->hd, cluster_offset + index_in_cluster * 512, buf, n * 512);
            if (ret != n * 512)
                return -1;
            if (s->crypt_method) {
                encrypt_sectors(s, sector_num, buf, buf, n, 0,
                                &s->aes_decrypt_key);
            }
        }
        nb_sectors -= n;
        sector_num += n;
        buf += n * 512;
    }
    return 0;
}
#endif

static int qcow_write(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
                     const uint8_t *buf, int nb_sectors)
{
    BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
    int ret, index_in_cluster, n;
    uint64_t cluster_offset;

    while (nb_sectors > 0) {
        index_in_cluster = sector_num & (s->cluster_sectors - 1);
        n = s->cluster_sectors - index_in_cluster;
        if (n > nb_sectors)
            n = nb_sectors;
        cluster_offset = get_cluster_offset(bs, sector_num << 9, 1, 0,
                                            index_in_cluster,
                                            index_in_cluster + n);
        if (!cluster_offset)
            return -1;
        if (s->crypt_method) {
            encrypt_sectors(s, sector_num, s->cluster_data, buf, n, 1,
                            &s->aes_encrypt_key);
            ret = bdrv_pwrite(s->hd, cluster_offset + index_in_cluster * 512,
                              s->cluster_data, n * 512);
        } else {
            ret = bdrv_pwrite(s->hd, cluster_offset + index_in_cluster * 512, buf, n * 512);
        }
        if (ret != n * 512)
            return -1;
        nb_sectors -= n;
        sector_num += n;
        buf += n * 512;
    }
    s->cluster_cache_offset = -1; /* disable compressed cache */
    return 0;
}

typedef struct QCowAIOCB {
    BlockDriverAIOCB common;
    int64_t sector_num;
    uint8_t *buf;
    int nb_sectors;
    int n;
    uint64_t cluster_offset;
    uint8_t *cluster_data;
    BlockDriverAIOCB *hd_aiocb;
} QCowAIOCB;

static void qcow_aio_read_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
{
    QCowAIOCB *acb = opaque;
    BlockDriverState *bs = acb->common.bs;
    BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
    int index_in_cluster;

    acb->hd_aiocb = NULL;
    if (ret < 0) {
    fail:
        acb->common.cb(acb->common.opaque, ret);
        qemu_aio_release(acb);
        return;
    }

 redo:
    /* post process the read buffer */
    if (!acb->cluster_offset) {
        /* nothing to do */
    } else if (acb->cluster_offset & QCOW_OFLAG_COMPRESSED) {
        /* nothing to do */
    } else {
        if (s->crypt_method) {
            encrypt_sectors(s, acb->sector_num, acb->buf, acb->buf,
                            acb->n, 0,
                            &s->aes_decrypt_key);
        }
    }

    acb->nb_sectors -= acb->n;
    acb->sector_num += acb->n;
    acb->buf += acb->n * 512;

    if (acb->nb_sectors == 0) {
        /* request completed */
        acb->common.cb(acb->common.opaque, 0);
        qemu_aio_release(acb);
        return;
    }

    /* prepare next AIO request */
    acb->cluster_offset = get_cluster_offset(bs, acb->sector_num << 9,
                                             0, 0, 0, 0);
    index_in_cluster = acb->sector_num & (s->cluster_sectors - 1);
    acb->n = s->cluster_sectors - index_in_cluster;
    if (acb->n > acb->nb_sectors)
        acb->n = acb->nb_sectors;

    if (!acb->cluster_offset) {
        if (bs->backing_hd) {
            /* read from the base image */
            acb->hd_aiocb = bdrv_aio_read(bs->backing_hd,
                acb->sector_num, acb->buf, acb->n, qcow_aio_read_cb, acb);
            if (acb->hd_aiocb == NULL)
                goto fail;
        } else {
            /* Note: in this case, no need to wait */
            memset(acb->buf, 0, 512 * acb->n);
            goto redo;
        }
    } else if (acb->cluster_offset & QCOW_OFLAG_COMPRESSED) {
        /* add AIO support for compressed blocks ? */
        if (decompress_cluster(s, acb->cluster_offset) < 0)
            goto fail;
        memcpy(acb->buf,
               s->cluster_cache + index_in_cluster * 512, 512 * acb->n);
        goto redo;
    } else {
        if ((acb->cluster_offset & 511) != 0) {
            ret = -EIO;
            goto fail;
        }
        acb->hd_aiocb = bdrv_aio_read(s->hd,
                            (acb->cluster_offset >> 9) + index_in_cluster,
                            acb->buf, acb->n, qcow_aio_read_cb, acb);
        if (acb->hd_aiocb == NULL)
            goto fail;
    }
}

static BlockDriverAIOCB *qcow_aio_read(BlockDriverState *bs,
        int64_t sector_num, uint8_t *buf, int nb_sectors,
        BlockDriverCompletionFunc *cb, void *opaque)
{
    QCowAIOCB *acb;

    acb = qemu_aio_get(bs, cb, opaque);
    if (!acb)
        return NULL;
    acb->hd_aiocb = NULL;
    acb->sector_num = sector_num;
    acb->buf = buf;
    acb->nb_sectors = nb_sectors;
    acb->n = 0;
    acb->cluster_offset = 0;

    qcow_aio_read_cb(acb, 0);
    return &acb->common;
}

static void qcow_aio_write_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
{
    QCowAIOCB *acb = opaque;
    BlockDriverState *bs = acb->common.bs;
    BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
    int index_in_cluster;
    uint64_t cluster_offset;
    const uint8_t *src_buf;

    acb->hd_aiocb = NULL;

    if (ret < 0) {
    fail:
        acb->common.cb(acb->common.opaque, ret);
        qemu_aio_release(acb);
        return;
    }

    acb->nb_sectors -= acb->n;
    acb->sector_num += acb->n;
    acb->buf += acb->n * 512;

    if (acb->nb_sectors == 0) {
        /* request completed */
        acb->common.cb(acb->common.opaque, 0);
        qemu_aio_release(acb);
        return;
    }

    index_in_cluster = acb->sector_num & (s->cluster_sectors - 1);
    acb->n = s->cluster_sectors - index_in_cluster;
    if (acb->n > acb->nb_sectors)
        acb->n = acb->nb_sectors;
    cluster_offset = get_cluster_offset(bs, acb->sector_num << 9, 1, 0,
                                        index_in_cluster,
                                        index_in_cluster + acb->n);
    if (!cluster_offset || (cluster_offset & 511) != 0) {
        ret = -EIO;
        goto fail;
    }
    if (s->crypt_method) {
        if (!acb->cluster_data) {
            acb->cluster_data = qemu_mallocz(s->cluster_size);
            if (!acb->cluster_data) {
                ret = -ENOMEM;
                goto fail;
            }
        }
        encrypt_sectors(s, acb->sector_num, acb->cluster_data, acb->buf,
                        acb->n, 1, &s->aes_encrypt_key);
        src_buf = acb->cluster_data;
    } else {
        src_buf = acb->buf;
    }
    acb->hd_aiocb = bdrv_aio_write(s->hd,
                                   (cluster_offset >> 9) + index_in_cluster,
                                   src_buf, acb->n,
                                   qcow_aio_write_cb, acb);
    if (acb->hd_aiocb == NULL)
        goto fail;
}

static BlockDriverAIOCB *qcow_aio_write(BlockDriverState *bs,
        int64_t sector_num, const uint8_t *buf, int nb_sectors,
        BlockDriverCompletionFunc *cb, void *opaque)
{
    BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
    QCowAIOCB *acb;

    s->cluster_cache_offset = -1; /* disable compressed cache */

    acb = qemu_aio_get(bs, cb, opaque);
    if (!acb)
        return NULL;
    acb->hd_aiocb = NULL;
    acb->sector_num = sector_num;
    acb->buf = (uint8_t *)buf;
    acb->nb_sectors = nb_sectors;
    acb->n = 0;

    qcow_aio_write_cb(acb, 0);
    return &acb->common;
}

static void qcow_aio_cancel(BlockDriverAIOCB *blockacb)
{
    QCowAIOCB *acb = (QCowAIOCB *)blockacb;
    if (acb->hd_aiocb)
        bdrv_aio_cancel(acb->hd_aiocb);
    qemu_aio_release(acb);
}

static void qcow_close(BlockDriverState *bs)
{
    BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
    qemu_free(s->l1_table);
    qemu_free(s->l2_cache);
    qemu_free(s->cluster_cache);
    qemu_free(s->cluster_data);
    bdrv_delete(s->hd);
}

static int qcow_create(const char *filename, int64_t total_size,
                      const char *backing_file, int flags)
{
    int fd, header_size, backing_filename_len, l1_size, i, shift;
    QCowHeader header;
    uint64_t tmp;

    fd = open(filename, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_BINARY, 0644);
    if (fd < 0)
        return -1;
    memset(&header, 0, sizeof(header));
    header.magic = cpu_to_be32(QCOW_MAGIC);
    header.version = cpu_to_be32(QCOW_VERSION);
    header.size = cpu_to_be64(total_size * 512);
    header_size = sizeof(header);
    backing_filename_len = 0;
    if (backing_file) {
        if (strcmp(backing_file, "fat:")) {
            header.backing_file_offset = cpu_to_be64(header_size);
            backing_filename_len = strlen(backing_file);
            header.backing_file_size = cpu_to_be32(backing_filename_len);
            header_size += backing_filename_len;
        } else {
            /* special backing file for vvfat */
            backing_file = NULL;
        }
        header.cluster_bits = 9; /* 512 byte cluster to avoid copying
                                    unmodifyed sectors */
        header.l2_bits = 12; /* 32 KB L2 tables */
    } else {
        header.cluster_bits = 12; /* 4 KB clusters */
        header.l2_bits = 9; /* 4 KB L2 tables */
    }
    header_size = (header_size + 7) & ~7;
    shift = header.cluster_bits + header.l2_bits;
    l1_size = ((total_size * 512) + (1LL << shift) - 1) >> shift;

    header.l1_table_offset = cpu_to_be64(header_size);
    if (flags & BLOCK_FLAG_ENCRYPT) {
        header.crypt_method = cpu_to_be32(QCOW_CRYPT_AES);
    } else {
        header.crypt_method = cpu_to_be32(QCOW_CRYPT_NONE);
    }

    /* write all the data */
    write(fd, &header, sizeof(header));
    if (backing_file) {
        write(fd, backing_file, backing_filename_len);
    }
    lseek(fd, header_size, SEEK_SET);
    tmp = 0;
    for(i = 0;i < l1_size; i++) {
        write(fd, &tmp, sizeof(tmp));
    }
    close(fd);
    return 0;
}

static int qcow_make_empty(BlockDriverState *bs)
{
    BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
    uint32_t l1_length = s->l1_size * sizeof(uint64_t);
    int ret;

    memset(s->l1_table, 0, l1_length);
    if (bdrv_pwrite(s->hd, s->l1_table_offset, s->l1_table, l1_length) < 0)
	return -1;
    ret = bdrv_truncate(s->hd, s->l1_table_offset + l1_length);
    if (ret < 0)
        return ret;

    memset(s->l2_cache, 0, s->l2_size * L2_CACHE_SIZE * sizeof(uint64_t));
    memset(s->l2_cache_offsets, 0, L2_CACHE_SIZE * sizeof(uint64_t));
    memset(s->l2_cache_counts, 0, L2_CACHE_SIZE * sizeof(uint32_t));

    return 0;
}

/* XXX: put compressed sectors first, then all the cluster aligned
   tables to avoid losing bytes in alignment */
static int qcow_write_compressed(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
                                 const uint8_t *buf, int nb_sectors)
{
    BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
    z_stream strm;
    int ret, out_len;
    uint8_t *out_buf;
    uint64_t cluster_offset;

    if (nb_sectors != s->cluster_sectors)
        return -EINVAL;

    out_buf = qemu_malloc(s->cluster_size + (s->cluster_size / 1000) + 128);
    if (!out_buf)
        return -1;

    /* best compression, small window, no zlib header */
    memset(&strm, 0, sizeof(strm));
    ret = deflateInit2(&strm, Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION,
                       Z_DEFLATED, -12,
                       9, Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY);
    if (ret != 0) {
        qemu_free(out_buf);
        return -1;
    }

    strm.avail_in = s->cluster_size;
    strm.next_in = (uint8_t *)buf;
    strm.avail_out = s->cluster_size;
    strm.next_out = out_buf;

    ret = deflate(&strm, Z_FINISH);
    if (ret != Z_STREAM_END && ret != Z_OK) {
        qemu_free(out_buf);
        deflateEnd(&strm);
        return -1;
    }
    out_len = strm.next_out - out_buf;

    deflateEnd(&strm);

    if (ret != Z_STREAM_END || out_len >= s->cluster_size) {
        /* could not compress: write normal cluster */
        qcow_write(bs, sector_num, buf, s->cluster_sectors);
    } else {
        cluster_offset = get_cluster_offset(bs, sector_num << 9, 2,
                                            out_len, 0, 0);
        cluster_offset &= s->cluster_offset_mask;
        if (bdrv_pwrite(s->hd, cluster_offset, out_buf, out_len) != out_len) {
            qemu_free(out_buf);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    qemu_free(out_buf);
    return 0;
}

static void qcow_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
{
    BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
    bdrv_flush(s->hd);
}

static int qcow_get_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi)
{
    BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
    bdi->cluster_size = s->cluster_size;
    return 0;
}

BlockDriver bdrv_qcow = {
    "qcow",
    sizeof(BDRVQcowState),
    qcow_probe,
    qcow_open,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    qcow_close,
    qcow_create,
    qcow_flush,
    qcow_is_allocated,
    qcow_set_key,
    qcow_make_empty,

    .bdrv_aio_read = qcow_aio_read,
    .bdrv_aio_write = qcow_aio_write,
    .bdrv_aio_cancel = qcow_aio_cancel,
    .aiocb_size = sizeof(QCowAIOCB),
    .bdrv_write_compressed = qcow_write_compressed,
    .bdrv_get_info = qcow_get_info,
};