Concurrency Managed Workqueue (cmwq)
September, 2010 Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Florian Mickler <florian@mickler.org>
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Why cmwq?
3. The Design
4. Application Programming Interface (API)
5. Example Execution Scenarios
6. Guidelines
1. Introduction
There are many cases where an asynchronous process execution context
is needed and the workqueue (wq) API is the most commonly used
mechanism for such cases.
When such an asynchronous execution context is needed, a work item
describing which function to execute is put on a queue. An
independent thread serves as the asynchronous execution context. The
queue is called workqueue and the thread is called worker.
While there are work items on the workqueue the worker executes the
functions associated with the work items one after the other. When
there is no work item left on the workqueue the worker becomes idle.
When a new work item gets queued, the worker begins executing again.
2. Why cmwq?
In the original wq implementation, a multi threaded (MT) wq had one
worker thread per CPU and a single threaded (ST) wq had one worker
thread system-wide. A single MT wq needed to keep around the same
number of workers as the number of CPUs. The kernel grew a lot of MT
wq users over the years and with the number of CPU cores continuously
rising, some systems saturated the default 32k PID space just booting
up.
Although MT wq wasted a lot of resource, the level of concurrency
provided was unsatisfactory. The limitation was common to both ST and
MT wq albeit less severe on MT. Each wq maintained its own separate
worker pool. A MT wq could provide only one execution context per CPU
while a ST wq one for the whole system. Work items had to compete for
those very limited execution contexts leading to various problems
including proneness to deadlocks around the single execution context.
The tension between the provided level of concurrency and resource
usage also forced its users to make unnecessary tradeoffs like libata
choosing to use ST wq for polling PIOs and accepting an unnecessary
limitation that no two polling PIOs can progress at the same time. As
MT wq don't provide much better concurrency, users which require
higher level of concurrency, like async or fscache, had to implement
their own thread pool.
Concurrency Managed Workqueue (cmwq) is a reimplementation of wq with
focus on the following goals.
* Maintain compatibility with the original workqueue API.
* Use per-CPU unified worker pools shared by all wq to provide
flexible level of concurrency on demand without wasting a lot of
resource.
* Automatically regulate worker pool and level of concurrency so that
the API users don't need to worry about such details.
3. The Design
In order to ease the asynchronous execution of functions a new
abstraction, the work item, is introduced.
A work item is a simple struct that holds a pointer to the function
that is to be executed asynchronously. Whenever a driver or subsystem
wants a function to be executed asynchronously it has to set up a work
item pointing to that function and queue that work item on a
workqueue.
Special purpose threads, called worker threads, execute the functions
off of the queue, one after the other. If no work is queued, the
worker threads become idle. These worker threads are managed in so
called thread-pools.
The cmwq design differentiates between the user-facing workqueues that
subsystems and drivers queue work items on and the backend mechanism
which manages thread-pool and processes the queued work items.
The backend is called gcwq. There is one gcwq for each possible CPU
and one gcwq to serve work items queued on unbound workqueues.
Subsystems and drivers can create and queue work items through special
workqueue API functions as they see fit. They can influence some
aspects of the way the work items are executed by setting flags on the
workqueue they are putting the work item on. These flags include
things like CPU locality, reentrancy, concurrency limits and more. To
get a detailed overview refer to the API description of
alloc_workqueue() below.
When a work item is queued to a workqueue, the target gcwq is
determined according to the queue parameters and workqueue attributes
and appended on the shared worklist of the gcwq. For example, unless
specifically overridden, a work item of a bound workqueue will be
queued on the worklist of exactly that gcwq that is associated to the
CPU the issuer is running on.
For any worker pool implementation, managing the concurrency level
(how many execution contexts are active) is an important issue. cmwq
tries to keep the concurrency at a minimal but sufficient level.
Minimal to save resources and sufficient in that the system is used at
its full capacity.
Each gcwq bound to an actual CPU implements concurrency management by
hooking into the scheduler. The gcwq is notified whenever an active
worker wakes up or sleeps and keeps track of the number of the
currently runnable workers. Generally, work items are not expected to
hog a CPU and consume many cycles. That means maintaining just enough
concurrency to prevent work processing from stalling should be
optimal. As long as there are one or more runnable workers on the
CPU, the gcwq doesn't start execution of a new work, but, when the
last running worker goes to sleep, it immediately schedules a new
worker so that the CPU doesn't sit idle while there are pending work
items. This allows using a minimal number of workers without losing
execution bandwidth.
Keeping idle workers around doesn't cost other than the memory space
for kthreads, so cmwq holds onto idle ones for a while before killing
them.
For an unbound wq, the above concurrency management doesn't apply and
the gcwq for the pseudo unbound CPU tries to start executing all work
items as soon as possible. The responsibility of regulating
concurrency level is on the users. There is also a flag to mark a
bound wq to ignore the concurrency management. Please refer to the
API section for details.
Forward progress guarantee relies on that workers can be created when
more execution contexts are necessary, which in turn is guaranteed
through the use of rescue workers. All work items which might be used
on code paths that handle memory reclaim are required to be queued on
wq's that have a rescue-worker reserved for execution under memory
pressure. Else it is possible that the thread-pool deadlocks waiting
for execution contexts to free up.
4. Application Programming Interface (API)
alloc_workqueue() allocates a wq. The original create_*workqueue()
functions are deprecated and scheduled for removal. alloc_workqueue()
takes three arguments - @name, @flags and @max_active. @name is the
name of the wq and also used as the name of the rescuer thread if
there is one.
A wq no longer manages execution resources but serves as a domain for
forward progress guarantee, flush and work item attributes. @flags
and @max_active control how work items are assigned execution
resources, scheduled and executed.
@flags:
WQ_NON_REENTRANT
By default, a wq guarantees non-reentrance only on the same
CPU. A work item may not be executed concurrently on the same
CPU by multiple workers but is allowed to be executed
concurrently on multiple CPUs. This flag makes sure
non-reentrance is enforced across all CPUs. Work items queued
to a non-reentrant wq are guaranteed to be executed by at most
one worker system-wide at any given time.
WQ_UNBOUND
Work items queued to an unbound wq are served by a special
gcwq which hosts workers which are not bound to any specific
CPU. This makes the wq behave as a simple execution context
provider without concurrency management. The unbound gcwq
tries to start execution of work items as soon as possible.
Unbound wq sacrifices locality but is useful for the following
cases.
* Wide fluctuation in the concurrency level requirement is
expected and using bound wq may end up creating large number
of mostly unused workers across different CPUs as the issuer
hops through different CPUs.
* Long running CPU intensive workloads which can be better
managed by the system scheduler.
WQ_FREEZEABLE
A freezeable wq participates in the freeze phase of the system
suspend operations. Work items on the wq are drained and no
new work item starts execution until thawed.
WQ_MEM_RECLAIM
All wq which might be used in the memory reclaim paths _MUST_
have this flag set. The wq is guaranteed to have at least one
execution context regardless of memory pressure.
WQ_HIGHPRI
Work items of a highpri wq are queued at the head of the
worklist of the target gcwq and start execution regardless of
the current concurrency level. In other words, highpri work
items will always start execution as soon as execution
resource is available.
Ordering among highpri work items is preserved - a highpri
work item queued after another highpri work item will start
execution after the earlier highpri work item starts.
Although highpri work items are not held back by other
runnable work items, they still contribute to the concurrency
level. Highpri work items in runnable state will prevent
non-highpri work items from starting execution.
This flag is meaningless for unbound wq.
WQ_CPU_INTENSIVE
Work items of a CPU intensive wq do not contribute to the
concurrency level. In other words, runnable CPU intensive
work items will not prevent other work items from starting
execution. This is useful for bound work items which are
expected to hog CPU cycles so that their execution is
regulated by the system scheduler.
Although CPU intensive work items don't contribute to the
concurrency level, start of their executions is still
regulated by the concurrency management and runnable
non-CPU-intensive work items can delay execution of CPU
intensive work items.
This flag is meaningless for unbound wq.
WQ_HIGHPRI | WQ_CPU_INTENSIVE
This combination makes the wq avoid interaction with
concurrency management completely and behave as a simple
per-CPU execution context provider. Work items queued on a
highpri CPU-intensive wq start execution as soon as resources
are available and don't affect execution of other work items.
@max_active:
@max_active determines the maximum number of execution contexts per
CPU which can be assigned to the work items of a wq. For example,
with @max_active of 16, at most 16 work items of the wq can be
executing at the same time per CPU.
Currently, for a bound wq, the maximum limit for @max_active is 512
and the default value used when 0 is specified is 256. For an unbound
wq, the limit is higher of 512 and 4 * num_possible_cpus(). These
values are chosen sufficiently high such that they are not the
limiting factor while providing protection in runaway cases.
The number of active work items of a wq is usually regulated by the
users of the wq, more specifically, by how many work items the users
may queue at the same time. Unless there is a specific need for
throttling the number of active work items, specifying '0' is
recommended.
Some users depend on the strict execution ordering of ST wq. The
combination of @max_active of 1 and WQ_UNBOUND is used to achieve this
behavior. Work items on such wq are always queued to the unbound gcwq
and only one work item can be active at any given time thus achieving
the same ordering property as ST wq.
5. Example Execution Scenarios
The following example execution scenarios try to illustrate how cmwq
behave under different configurations.
Work items w0, w1, w2 are queued to a bound wq q0 on the same CPU.
w0 burns CPU for 5ms then sleeps for 10ms then burns CPU for 5ms
again before finishing. w1 and w2 burn CPU for 5ms then sleep for
10ms.
Ignoring all other tasks, works and processing overhead, and assuming
simple FIFO scheduling, the following is one highly simplified version
of possible sequences of events with the original wq.
TIME IN MSECS EVENT
0 w0 starts and burns CPU
5 w0 sleeps
15 w0 wakes up and burns CPU
20 w0 finishes
20 w1 starts and burns CPU
25 w1 sleeps
35 w1 wakes up and finishes
35 w2 starts and burns CPU
40 w2 sleeps
50 w2 wakes up and finishes
And with cmwq with @max_active >= 3,
TIME IN MSECS EVENT
0 w0 starts and burns CPU
5 w0 sleeps
5 w1 starts and burns CPU
10 w1 sleeps
10 w2 starts and burns CPU
15 w2 sleeps
15 w0 wakes up and burns CPU
20 w0 finishes
20 w1 wakes up and finishes
25 w2 wakes up and finishes
If @max_active == 2,
TIME IN MSECS EVENT
0 w0 starts and burns CPU
5 w0 sleeps
5 w1 starts and burns CPU
10 w1 sleeps
15 w0 wakes up and burns CPU
20 w0 finishes
20 w1 wakes up and finishes
20 w2 starts and burns CPU
25 w2 sleeps
35 w2 wakes up and finishes
Now, let's assume w1 and w2 are queued to a different wq q1 which has
WQ_HIGHPRI set,
TIME IN MSECS EVENT
0 w1 and w2 start and burn CPU
5 w1 sleeps
10 w2 sleeps
10 w0 starts and burns CPU
15 w0 sleeps
15 w1 wakes up and finishes
20 w2 wakes up and finishes
25 w0 wakes up and burns CPU
30 w0 finishes
If q1 has WQ_CPU_INTENSIVE set,
TIME IN MSECS EVENT
0 w0 starts and burns CPU
5 w0 sleeps
5 w1 and w2 start and burn CPU
10 w1 sleeps
15 w2 sleeps
15 w0 wakes up and burns CPU
20 w0 finishes
20 w1 wakes up and finishes
25 w2 wakes up and finishes
6. Guidelines
* Do not forget to use WQ_MEM_RECLAIM if a wq may process work items
which are used during memory reclaim. Each wq with WQ_MEM_RECLAIM
set has an execution context reserved for it. If there is
dependency among multiple work items used during memory reclaim,
they should be queued to separate wq each with WQ_MEM_RECLAIM.
* Unless strict ordering is required, there is no need to use ST wq.
* Unless there is a specific need, using 0 for @max_active is
recommended. In most use cases, concurrency level usually stays
well under the default limit.
* A wq serves as a domain for forward progress guarantee
(WQ_MEM_RECLAIM, flush and work item attributes. Work items which
are not involved in memory reclaim and don't need to be flushed as a
part of a group of work items, and don't require any special
attribute, can use one of the system wq. There is no difference in
execution characteristics between using a dedicated wq and a system
wq.
* Unless work items are expected to consume a huge amount of CPU
cycles, using a bound wq is usually beneficial due to the increased
level of locality in wq operations and work item execution.
