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-.\" cfdisk.8 -- man page for cfdisk
-.\" Copyright 1994 Kevin E. Martin (martin@cs.unc.edu)
-.\"
-.\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
-.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
-.\" preserved on all copies.
-.\"
-.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
-.\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
-.\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
-.\" permission notice identical to this one.
-.\"
-.\" " for hilit mode
-.TH CFDISK 8 "3 June 1995" "The BOGUS Linux Release" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
-.SH NAME
-cfdisk \- Curses based disk partition table manipulator for Linux
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-.BI "cfdisk [ \-avz ] [ \-c " cylinders " ] [ \-h " heads " ]"
-.BI "[ \-s " sectors-per-track " ] [ -P " opt " ] [ " device " ]"
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B cfdisk
-is a curses based program for partitioning a hard disk drive.  The
-.I device
-can be any one of the following:
-.sp
-.nf
-.RS
-/dev/hda [default]
-/dev/hdb
-/dev/sda
-/dev/sdb
-/dev/sdc
-/dev/sdd
-.RE
-.fi
-
-.B cfdisk
-first tries to read the geometry of the hard disk.  If it fails, an
-error message is displayed and
-.B cfdisk
-exits.  This should only happen when partitioning a SCSI drive on an
-adapter without a BIOS.  To correct this problem, you can set the
-.IR cylinders ", " heads " and " sectors-per-track
-on the command line.  Next,
-.B cfdisk
-tries to read the current partition table from the disk drive.  If it
-is unable to figure out the partition table, an error is displayed and
-the program will exit.  This might also be caused by incorrect
-geometry information, and can be overridden on the command line.
-Another way around this problem is with the
-.B \-z
-option.  This will ignore the partition table on the disk.
-
-The main display is composed of four sections, from top to bottom: the
-header, the partitions, the command line and a warning line.  The
-header contains the program name and version number followed by the
-disk drive and its geometry.  The partitions section always displays
-the current partition table.  The command line is the place where
-commands and text are entered.  The available commands are usually
-displayed in brackets.  The warning line is usually empty except when
-there is important information to be displayed.  The current partition
-is highlighted with reverse video (or an arrow if the
-.B \-a
-option is given).  All partition specific commands apply to the
-current partition.
-
-The format of the partition table in the partitions section is, from
-left to right: Name, Flags, Partition Type, Filesystem Type and Size.
-The name is the partition device name.  The flags can be
-.IR Boot ,
-which designates a bootable partition or
-.IR NC ,
-which stands for "Not Compatible with DOS or OS/2".  DOS, OS/2 and
-possibly other operating systems require the first sector of the first
-partition on the disk and all logical partitions to begin on the
-second head.  This wastes the second through the last sector of the
-first track of the first head (the first sector is taken by the
-partition table itself).
-.B cfdisk
-allows you to recover these "lost" sectors with the maximize command
-.RB ( m ).
-.I Note:
-.BR fdisk (8)
-and some early versions of DOS create all partitions with the number
-of sectors already maximized.  For more information, see the maximize
-command below.  The partition type can be one of
-.IR Primary " or " Logical .
-For unallocated space on the drive, the partition type can also be
-.IR Pri/Log ,
-or empty (if the space is unusable).  The filesystem type section
-displays the name of the filesystem used on the partition, if known.
-If it is unknown, then
-.I Unknown
-and the hex value of the filesystem type are displayed.  A special
-case occurs when there are sections of the disk drive that cannot be
-used (because all of the primary partitions are used).  When this is
-detected, the filesystem type is displayed as
-.IR Unusable .
-The size field displays the size of the partition in megabytes (by
-default).  It can also display the size in sectors and cylinders (see
-the change units command below).  If an asterisks
-.RB ( * )
-appears after the size, this means that the partition is not aligned
-on cylinder boundaries.
-.SH "DOS 6.x WARNING"
-
-The DOS 6.x FORMAT command looks for some information in the first
-sector of the data area of the partition, and treats this information
-as more reliable than the information in the partition table.  DOS
-FORMAT expects DOS FDISK to clear the first 512 bytes of the data area
-of a partition whenever a size change occurs.  DOS FORMAT will look at
-this extra information even if the /U flag is given -- we consider
-this a bug in DOS FORMAT and DOS FDISK.
-
-The bottom line is that if you use cfdisk or fdisk to change the size of a
-DOS partition table entry, then you must also use
-.B dd
-to zero the first 512 bytes of that partition before using DOS FORMAT to
-format the partition.  For example, if you were using cfdisk to make a DOS
-partition table entry for /dev/hda1, then (after exiting fdisk or cfdisk
-and rebooting Linux so that the partition table information is valid) you
-would use the command "dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda1 bs=512 count=1" to zero
-the first 512 bytes of the partition. Note:
-
-.B BE EXTREMELY CAREFUL
-if you use the
-.B dd
-command, since a small typo can make all of the data on your disk useless.
-
-For best results, you should always use an OS-specific partition table
-program.  For example, you should make DOS partitions with the DOS FDISK
-program and Linux partitions with the Linux fdisk or Linux cfdisk program.
-
-.SH COMMANDS
-.B cfdisk
-commands can be entered by pressing the desired key (pressing
-.I Enter
-after the command is not necessary).  Here is a list of the available
-commands:
-.TP
-.B b
-Toggle bootable flag of the current partition.  This allows you to
-select which primary partition is bootable on the drive.
-.TP
-.B d
-Delete the current partition.  This will convert the current partition
-into free space and merge it with any free space immediately
-surrounding the current partition.  A partition already marked as free
-space or marked as unusable cannot be deleted.
-.TP
-.B g
-Change the disk geometry (cylinders, heads, or sectors-per-track).
-.B WARNING:
-This option should only be used by people who know what they are
-doing.  A command line option is also available to change the disk
-geometry.  While at the change disk geometry command line, you can
-choose to change cylinders
-.RB ( c ),
-heads
-.RB ( h ),
-and sectors per track
-.RB ( s ).
-The default value will be printed at the prompt which you can accept
-by simply pressing the
-.I Enter
-key, or you can exit without changes by pressing the
-.I ESC
-key.  If you want to change the default value, simply enter the
-desired value and press
-.IR Enter .
-The altered disk parameter values do not take effect until you return
-the main menu (by pressing
-.IR Enter " or " ESC
-at the change disk geometry command line.  If you change the geometry
-such that the disk appears larger, the extra sectors are added at the
-end of the disk as free space.  If the disk appears smaller, the
-partitions that are beyond the new last sector are deleted and the
-last partition on the drive (or the free space at the end of the
-drive) is made to end at the new last sector.
-.TP
-.B h
-Print the help screen.
-.TP
-.B m
-Maximize disk usage of the current partition.  This command will
-recover the the unused space between the partition table and the
-beginning of the partition, but at the cost of making the partition
-incompatible with DOS, OS/2 and possibly other operating systems.
-This option will toggle between maximal disk usage and DOS, OS/2,
-etc. compatible disk usage.  The default when creating a partition is
-to create DOS, OS/2, etc. compatible partitions.
-.TP
-.B n
-Create new partition from free space.  If the partition type is
-.IR Primary " or " Logical ,
-a partition of that type will be created, but if the partition type is
-.IR Pri/Log ,
-you will be prompted for the type you want to create.  Be aware that
-(1) there are only four slots available for primary partitions and (2)
-since there can be only one extended partition, which contains all of
-the logical drives, all of the logical drives must be contiguous (with
-no intervening primary partition).
-.B cfdisk
-next prompts you for the size of the partition you want to create.
-The default size, equal to the entire free space of the current
-partition, is display in megabytes.  You can either press the
-.I Enter
-key to accept the default size or enter a different size at the
-prompt.
-.B cfdisk
-accepts size entries in megabytes
-.RB ( M )
-[default], kilobytes
-.RB ( K ),
-cylinders
-.RB ( C )
-and sectors
-.RB ( S )
-by entering the number immediately followed by one of
-.RB ( M ", " K ", " C " or " S ).
-If the partition fills the free space available, the partition is
-created and you are returned to the main command line.  Otherwise, the
-partition can be created at the beginning or the end of the free
-space, and
-.B cfdisk
-will ask you to choose where to place the partition.  After the
-partition is created,
-.B cfdisk
-automatically adjusts the other partition's partition types if all of
-the primary partitions are used.
-.TP
-.B p
-Print the partition table to the screen or to a file. There are
-several different formats for the partition that you can choose from:
-.sp
-.RS
-.TP
-.B r
-Raw data format (exactly what would be written to disk)
-.TP
-.B s
-Partition table in sector order format
-.TP
-.B t
-Partition table in raw format
-.RE
-
-.RS
-The
-.I raw data format
-will print the sectors that would be written to disk if a
-.BR w rite
-command is selected.  First, the primary partition table is printed,
-followed by the partition tables associated with each logical
-partition.  The data is printed in hex byte by byte with 16 bytes per
-line.
-
-The
-.I partition table in sector order format
-will print the partition table ordered by sector number.  The fields,
-from left to right, are the number of the partition, the partition
-type, the first sector, the last sector, the offset from the first
-sector of the partition to the start of the data, the length of the
-partition, the filesystem type (with the hex value in parenthesis),
-and the flags (with the hex value in parenthesis).  In addition to the
-primary and logical partitions, free and unusable space is printed and
-the extended partition is printed before the first logical partition.
-
-If a partition does not start or end on a cylinder boundary or if the
-partition length is not divisible by the cylinder size, an asterisks
-.RB ( * )
-is printed after the non-aligned sector number/count.  This usually
-indicates that a partition was created by an operating system that
-either does not align partitions to cylinder boundaries or that used
-different disk geometry information.  If you know the disk geometry of
-the other operating system, you could enter the geometry information
-with the change geometry command
-.RB ( g ).
-
-For the first partition on the disk and for all logical partitions, if
-the offset from the beginning of the partition is not equal to the
-number of sectors per track (i.e., the data does not start on the
-first head), a number sign
-.RB ( # )
-is printed after the offset.  For the remaining partitions, if the
-offset is not zero, a number sign will be printed after the offset.
-This corresponds to the
-.I NC
-flag in the partitions section of the main display.
-
-The
-.I partition table in raw format
-will print the partition table ordered by partition number.  It will
-leave out all free and unusable space.  The fields, from left to
-right, are the number of the partition, the flags (in hex), the
-starting head, sector and cylinder, the filesystem ID (in hex), the
-ending head, sector and cylinder, the starting sector in the partition
-and the number of sectors in the partition.  The information in this
-table can be directly translated to the
-.IR "raw data format" .
-
-The partition table entries only have 10 bits available to represent
-the starting and ending cylinders.  Thus, when the absolute starting
-(ending) sector number is on a cylinder greater than 1023, the maximal
-values for starting (ending) head, sector and cylinder are printed.
-This is the method used by OS/2, and thus fixes the problems
-associated with OS/2's fdisk rewriting the partition table when it is
-not in this format.  Since Linux and OS/2 use absolute sector counts,
-the values in the starting and ending head, sector and cylinder are
-not used.
-.RE
-.TP
-.B q
-Quit program.  This will exit the program without writing any data to
-disk.
-.TP
-.B t
-Change the filesystem type.  By default, new partitions are created as
-.I Linux
-partitions, but since
-.B cfdisk
-can create partitions for other operating systems, change partition
-type allows you to enter the hex value of the filesystem you desire.
-A list of the know filesystem types is displayed.  You can type in the
-filesystem type at the prompt or accept the default filesystem type
-.RI [ Linux ].
-.TP
-.B u
-Change units of the partition size display.  It will rotate through
-megabytes, sectors and cylinders.
-.TP
-.B W
-Write partition table to disk (must enter an upper case W).  Since
-this might destroy data on the disk, you must either confirm or deny
-the write by entering `yes' or `no'.  If you enter `yes',
-.B cfdisk
-will write the partition table to disk and the tell the kernel to
-re-read the partition table from the disk.  The re-reading of the
-partition table works is most cases, but I have seen it fail.  Don't
-panic.  It will be correct after you reboot the system.  In all cases,
-I still recommend rebooting the system--just to be safe.
-.TP
-.I Up Arrow
-.TP
-.I Down Arrow
-Move cursor to the previous or next partition.  If there are more
-partitions than can be displayed on a screen, you can display the next
-(previous) set of partitions by moving down (up) at the last (first)
-partition displayed on the screen.
-.TP
-.I CTRL-L
-Redraws the screen.  In case something goes wrong and you cannot read
-anything, you can refresh the screen from the main command line.
-.TP
-.B ?
-Print the help screen.
-
-.RE
-All of the commands can be entered with either upper or lower case
-letters (except for
-.BR W rites).
-When in a sub-menu or at a prompt to enter a filename, you can hit the
-.I ESC
-key to return to the main command line.
-.SH OPTIONS
-.TP
-.B \-a
-Use an arrow cursor instead of reverse video for highlighting the
-current partition.
-.TP
-.B \-v
-Print the version number and copyright.
-.TP
-.B \-z
-Start with zeroed partition table.  This option is useful when you
-want to repartition your entire disk.
-.I Note:
-this option does not zero the partition table on the disk; rather, it
-simply starts the program without reading the existing partition
-table.
-.TP
-.BI \-c " cylinders"
-.TP
-.BI \-h " heads"
-.TP
-.BI \-s " sectors-per-track"
-Override the number of cylinders, heads and sectors per track read
-from the BIOS.  If your BIOS or adapter does not supply this
-information or if it supplies incorrect information, use these options
-to set the disk geometry values.
-.TP
-.BI \-P " opt"
-Prints the partition table in specified formats.
-.I opt
-can be one or more of "r", "s" or "t".  See the
-.BR p rint
-command (above) for more information on the print formats.
-.SH "SEE ALSO"
-fdisk(8)
-.SH BUGS
-The current version does not support multiple disks (future addition).
-.SH AUTHOR
-Kevin E. Martin (martin@cs.unc.edu)