1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
|
.\" Copyright 1998 Andries E. Brouwer (aeb@cwi.nl)
.\"
.\" May be distributed under the GNU General Public License
.\" Rewritten for 2.1.117, aeb, 981010.
.\"
.TH MKSWAP 8 "1 December 1998" "Linux 2.1.117" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH NAME
mkswap \- set up a Linux swap area
.SH SYNOPSIS
.BI "mkswap [\-c] [\-v" N "] [\-f] " device " [" size "]"
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B mkswap
sets up a Linux swap area on a device or in a file.
(After creating the swap area, you need the
.B swapon
command to start using it. Usually swap areas are listed in
.I /etc/fstab
so that they can be taken into use at boot time by a
.B swapon -a
command in some boot script.)
The
.I device
argument will usually be a disk partition (something like
.I /dev/hda4
or
.IR /dev/sdb7 )
but can also be a file.
The Linux kernel does not look at partition Id's, but
many installation scripts will assume that partitions
of hex type 82 (LINUX_SWAP) are meant to be swap partitions.
The
.I size
parameter is superfluous but retained for backwards compatibility.
(It specifies the desired size of the swap area in 1024-byte blocks.
.B mkswap
will use the entire partition or file if it is omitted.)
Linux knows about two styles of swap areas, old style and new style.
The last 10 bytes of the first page of the swap area distinguishes
them: old style has `SWAP_SPACE', new style has `SWAPSPACE2' as
signature.
In the old style, the rest of this first page was a bit map,
with a 1 bit for each usable page of the swap area.
Since the first page holds this bit map, the first bit is 0.
Also, the last 10 bytes hold the signature. So, if the page
size is S, an old style swap area can describe at most
8*(S-10)-1 pages used for swapping.
With S=4096 (as on i386), the useful area is at most 133890048 bytes
(almost 128 MB if you believe in 1 MB=2^20 bytes), and the rest is wasted.
On an alpha and sparc64, with S=8192, the useful area is at most
535560992 bytes (almost 512 MB with the same proviso).
The old setup wastes most of this bitmap page, because zero bits
denote bad blocks or blocks past the end of the swap space,
and a simple integer suffices to indicate the size of the swap space,
while the bad blocks, if any, can simply be listed. Nobody wants
to use a swap space with hundreds of bad blocks. (I would not even
use a swap space with 1 bad block.)
In the new style swap area this is precisely what is done.
The maximum useful size of a swap area is now (2^31 - 2*S) bytes,
roughly 2 GB.
Note that before 2.1.117 the kernel allocated one byte for each page,
while it now allocates two bytes, so that taking a swap area of 2 GB
in use might require 2 MB of kernel memory.
Presently, Linux allows 8 swap areas. The areas in use can be seen
in the file
.I /proc/swaps
(since 2.1.25).
.B mkswap
refuses areas smaller than 10 pages.
If you don't know the page size that your machine uses, you may be
able to look it up with "cat /proc/cpuinfo" (or you may not -
the contents of this file depend on architecture and kernel version).
To setup a swap file, it is necessary to create that file before
running
.B mkswap ,
e.g. using a command like
.nf
.RS
# dd if=/dev/zero of=swapfile bs=1024 count=65536
.RE
.fi
Note that a swap file must not contain any holes (so, using
.BR cp (1)
to create the file is not acceptable).
.SH OPTIONS
.TP
.B \-c
Check the device (if it is a block device) for bad blocks
before creating the swap area.
If any are found, the count is printed.
.TP
.B \-f
On SPARC, force creation of the swap area.
Without this option
.B mkswap
will refuse to create a v0 swap on a device with a valid SPARC superblock,
as that probably means one is going to erase the partition table.
.TP
.B \-v0
Create an old style swap area.
.TP
.B \-v1
Create a new style swap area.
.LP
If no \-v option is given,
.B mkswap
will default to old style if the size of the swap area does not
exceed the maximum size of an old style swap area, and also if
the current kernel is older than 2.1.117 (and also if PAGE_SIZE
is less than 2048).
The new style header does not touch the first block, so may be
preferable (also if the swap area is small), in case you have
a boot loader or disk label there.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR fdisk (8),
.BR swapon (8)
|
